Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial ActivitiesNOR FAEZAH BINTI ROSMIDIEscherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria, which discovered and named after Theodor Escherichia and endure to Enterobacteriaceae family. E. coli is classified as same group as other bacterial such as Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdoferi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and many more species that atomic number 18 well cognise in medical world. E. coli transmission give the sack be found all over the world and more common in tropical country. This infection in particular cease be transmitted through diet be come the infections argon mainly due to contaminated food. Thus, this infection can be called as food-borned disease. An individual can get infected when consumed foods that are contaminated with dirt. However, non every individual that consumed contaminated food can get the infection. This is because, there are certain criteria to be fulfilled. Firstly, there must be source of i nfection, which means, E. coli must present in the food. Then, the individual is eating food contaminated with pathogen, as the main route of infection is through orofecal. Lastly, the bodys immune system cannot get rid of the pathogen, which eventually causing disease. This study is conducted to isolate, characterize and evaluate healthful activities of E. coli in media and draw. A total of 3 sample is collected from the stock culture and labelled as EY1, E27 and E31. Isolation is made on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by using gram staining under microscope. To check for the antimicrobial activities, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time blot out prove are done. Results reveals that the MIC value for E. coli is 128 and MBC value is 1024. Time-kill assay curve disclose that the reaction of tetracycline to the bacteria in media and milk slightly different but yet, satisfactory to achieve bactericidal effec t of the drug.1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionMastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is predominantly due to the effects of infection by bacterial pathogens, although mycotic or algal microbes play a role in close to cases (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016b). There are many factors that influence the development of mastitis including microbial, host and environmental (Contreras Rodrguez, 2011). Any expedient microbes that can invade tissue and causing infection can lead to mastitis. The pathogen that use this transmission mode are Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci agalactiae and Corynebacterium bovis. They may bed cover from cattle to another cattle through aerosol transmission and invade the udder causing bacteremia. There is other route of infection, which is through the environment of the cattle. The pathogens that associated with environmental reservoirs are Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a) Post-milking teat dipping, dry cow therapy, we ll-maintained milking equipment, and culling of cows with chronic mastitis have successfully controlled contagious mastitis bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus (Makovec Ruegg, 2003). draw samples collected from cows on Wisconsin dairy farms clearly demonstrated that environmental bacteria are the most common causes of clinical mastitis. (Pamela L. Ruegg, 2015)Once inside the udder, E. coli figure rapidly, causing influx of the inflammatory cells. As neutrophils ingest and kill bacteria, endotoxin is released and along with other inflammatory mediators causes severe local inflammation. This inflammatory reaction is characterized by change magnitude vascular permeability, changes in milk composition and damage to the mammary epithelial cells, which may go away in the characteristic watery or serous milk secretion.The treatment for mastitis include administration of antimicrobial via the intramammary route or parentally (Gruet, Maincent, Berthelot, Kaltsatos, 2001). Unfortunately, despite the best possible antimicrobial treatments, trials of bacteriological cure are common, particularly for S. aureus mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the reasons for low cure rates (Candrasekaran et al., 2014).There are other reasons, which are the management and iatrogenic factors, drug factors, mastitis-causing organism factors and as well as mammary gland factor. However, the major reason is the insufficient contact of the antimicrobial with the mastitis-causing organisms at the site of infection is a major cause of mastitis treatment failure (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2007). Some bacteria such as S. aureus can localize inside host cells thus restrict the concentration of drug in the cells. E. coli can piss biofilms, a condition where the microorganisms structured at bottom an array of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and adhering to a living or inert surface with the function of protecting the microorganisms in stress environments (Costa, Espeschit, Pieri, Benjamin, Moreira, 2014). The sessile cells ar windd in biofilms tend to be more resistant to antimicrobial therapy compared with plantonic free cells, due to the slow diffusion of the antimicrobial in the inner layers of the biofilm (Costa et al., 2014). Also, to be effective, drugs need to be free and not inhibited by other components. Some drug may have high affinity binding towards protein. Thus, some component in the milk, for example, casein, may bind to the antibiotic and reduce the free the drugs in the udder. In the case of S. aureus infections during lactation, it has been estimated that the bacteriological cure rate is only within 25% to 50% only (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2015).1.2 Problem StatementEscherichia coli is one of the major cause of mastitis development. Based on the research done in Wisconsin dairy farm, 21% of the mastitis case result from the E. coli infection. Despite of all the treatment given, the therapy has not been s uccessful. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activities of Tetracycline against E. coli from clinical mastitis in maturement media and milk.1.3 enquiry QuestionsThis study is designed to answer either tetracycline can demonstrate equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E.coli in growth median(a) and in milk?1.4 Research HypothesesThis study is constructed to answer the hypothesis, either tetracycline demonstrates equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli in growth medium and milk.1.5 Research ObjectivesThis study is conducted to achieve a set of following objectives -To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coliTo determine minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coliTo perform time kill assay of Enrofloxacin against E. coli2.0 writings REVIEW2.1 Definition of mastitisMastitis is swelling of the mammary gland that frequently caused by bacteria ingoing the teat canal and moving up to the udder and there are two types of mastitis, which are contagious mastitis and too environmental mastitis (Dairy Australia, 2007). Contagious or cow-associated mastitis generally related to the bacterial infection that causing disease, which are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (Dairy Australia, 2007). The bacteria present in the udders or on teat skin and spread either by splashes of disease-ridden milk or sprays during stripping on milkers detention or teatcup liners and by cross flow of milk between teatcups (Dairy Australia, 2007). Meanwhile environmental mastitis occur when the bedding which used to house the cattle is contaminated (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). It is not only concern on the bedding of the cattle, the infected soil, manure, calving pads and water host bacteria can also causing this disease to developed (Dairy Australia, 2007).Mastitis take in two forms, which are subclinical and clinical, howev er, subclinical form is rare to be find (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a).2.1Escherichia coliEscherichia coli is no longer bizarre in our communities. This Enterobacteriaceae is a Gram-negative bacteria. It cannot sporulate and can be found commonly in the intestine. This bacteria have a characteristic of glucose fermenting, acid producing, nitrate reducing and oxidase negative. It also have facultative anaerobic characteristic which can grow easily at 37C. Physically, E. coli is small in size, approximately 1-2 x 30-30 , with flagella. It has no capsulate and also no mucus layer. There are several antigen structures that play an important role for the identification of this bacteria, which are K antigen, H antigens and O antigen. K antigen can be found in the capsules, a compound in the group of polysaccharide. H antigen can be found in flagella and O antigen can be found in the cells or the body as it is a substance in the group of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide (Wiwanitkit, 201 1).Despite the fact that most of E. coli are harmless and beneficial, there are species that have the ability to cause disease, and they are divided into groups according to the mechanism of pathogenesis. The groups are enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). EHEC is a group that can cause haemorrhagic colitis and can end up with a specific complication called uremia haemolytic syndrome. EIEC or also known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) causes diarrhea. ETEC is a major cause of travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in group of infants in developing countries. E. coli toxic products from the gut causes problems to the patients body. EPEC is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and EAEC is a new pathogen (Wiwanitkit, 2011).2.2 MastitisMastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and is a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. It commonly occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm, and can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical or thermal injury to the cows udder (AHDB Dairy, 2017).3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 try ons collectionThis study is conducted in laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in University Malaysia Kelantan. The bacteria sample, which is Escherichia coli is isolated from the stock samples of the laboratory. There are three samples, which are EY1, E27 and E31.3.2 Samples preparationThe samples are cultured on the nutrient agar for 18 to 24 hours at 37C.3.3 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coliThe bacterial colony on the nutrient agar is then cultured on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and gram staining is done.3.4 Minimum Inhibitory ConcentrationMinimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are determined using the broth micro dilution method. A range concentrations of antimicrobial is pre pared in a 96 well microplate, followed by inoculation of bacteria culture to yield approximately 5105 cfu/ml in a 250 final volume. The plate is then incubated in 37C for 18 hours. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial growth is taken as MIC value.3.5 Minimum Bactericidal ConcentrationThe dilution representing the MIC are aliquot volume of the broth and spot onto Nutrient agar. The agar is then incubated 18 hours with 37C. No growth indicate that antibiotic is bactericidal at that concentration. If there is present growth indicative that antibiotic work as antibiotic only particularly on the dilution.3.6 Time Kill analyzeTube containing designated concentration of antimicrobial will be inoculated with 105 cfu/ml of bacteria in Nutrient agar, followed by pensiveness at 37C, in an incubator shaker at 200 rpm. At 0, 1, 4, 24 hour post inoculation, 50 aliquots will be taken out, serially diluted in saline and plated on Nutrient agar. Plates will be incubat ed for 18 hours at 37C followed by colony counting. An antimicrobial is considered bactericidal if there is 3-log decrease in cfu/ml of bacteria counts, as compared to the growth control. 4.0 RESULTS4.1 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coliColony of E. coli on EMB agar is small to medium circle in size and shape, with dark green and glossy, raised and polish appearance.4.4 Time Kill AssaySAMPLE EY1 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL110120cxxxv1501X MIC4211211102X MIC26422605X MIC201211015X MIC131310MILKCONTROL1231351411561X MIC46351731102X MIC4626111005X MIC32148015X MIC371340Table 1 Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x103SAMPLE EY1 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL5.56.06.757.51X MIC2.10.551.055.52X MIC1.32.11.305X MIC1.00.60.55015X MIC0.650.650.050MILKCONTROL6.156.757.057.81X MIC2.31.758.655.52X MIC2.31.30.555.05X MIC1.60.70.4015X MIC1.850.650.20Table 2 Time kill Assay Results for Sample EY1 in x106 pattern 3 Time-kill curve for E. coli (EY1) against Tetracycline on media and milkSAMPLE E27 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL1131261411541X MIC6429491112X MIC583518105X MIC42222015X MIC301110MILKCONTROL1271391451611X MIC48361801002X MIC5852301115X MIC412218515X MIC4722205Table 3 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x103SAMPLE E27 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL5.656.37.057.71X MIC3.21.452.455.552X MIC2.91.750.90.55X MIC2.11.10.1015X MIC1.50.550.050MILKCONTROL6.356.957.258.051X MIC2.41.89.05.02X MIC2.92.61.55.555X MIC2.051.10.90.2515X MIC2.351.11.00.25Table 4 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x106Figure 4 Time-kill curve for E. coli (E27) against Tetracycline on media and milkSAMPLE E31 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL1151211371451X MIC5941391142X MIC573727435X MIC553923015X MIC243370MILKCONTROL1211401491651X MIC56401801082X MIC7150451165X MIC51261210215X MIC5825130Table 5 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x103SAMPLE E31 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL5.756.056.857.251X MIC2.952.051.955.72X MIC2.851.851.352.155X MIC2.751.951.15015X MIC1.21.650.350M ILKCONTROL6.057.07.458.251X MIC2.82.09.05.42X MIC3.552.52.255.85X MIC2.551.30.65.115X MIC2.91.250.650Table 6 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x106 Figure 5 Time-kill curve for E. coli (E31) against Tetracycline on media and milk