Spanish Settlement Of The West Essays - Presidency Of James K. Polk

Spanish settlement of the west International borders have always been centers of conflict, and the U.S.-Mexican border is no exception. With the European colonizing the New World, it was a matter of time before the powers collided. The Spanish settled what is today Mexico, while the English settled what is to day the United States. When the two colonial powers did meet what is today the United States' Southwest, it was not England and Spain. Rather the two powers were the United States and Mexico. Both Counties had broken off from their mother countries. The conflict that erupted between the two countries where a direct result of different nation policies. The United States had a policy of westward expansion, while Mexico had a policy of self protection. The Americans never had a written policy of expansion. What they had was the idea of "Manifest Destiny." Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States had the right to expand westward to the Pacific ocean. On the other hand, Mexico was a new country wanti ng to protect itself from outside powers. Evidence of U.S. expansion is seen with the independence of Texas from Mexico. The strongest evidence of U.S. expansion goals is with the Mexican-American War. From the beginning, the war was conceived as an opportunity for land expansion. Mexico feared the United States expansion goals. During the 16th century, the Spanish began to settle the region. The Spanish had all ready conquered and settled Central Mexico. Now they wanted to expand their land holdings north. The first expedition into the region, that is today the United States Southwest, was with Corando. Corando reported a region rich in resources, soon after people started to settle the region. The driving force behind the settlement was silver in the region. The Spanish settled the region through three major corridors; central, western and eastern. The first settlements were mainly through the central corridor. The Spanish went thorough what is now the modern Mexican state of Chihuahua into the U.S. state of New Mexico. Eventually the Spanish established the city of Santa Fe in 1689. The eastern corridor was through modern day Texas and led to the establishment of San Antonio. The eastern expansion was caused by the French expansion into modern day Louisiana. The Spanish crown wanted a buffer between the French in Louisiana and central Mexico. The last corridor of expansion was in the west, through the sea, which led to the establishment of San Diego in 1769 and Los Angles in 1781. The Spanish were not the only European power to colonize the new world; French, English and the Dutch also settled North and South America. The Spanish and the French settled what is present day U.S.-Mexico border region. The French settled modern day U.S. midwest, while the Spanish settled present day Mexico and U.S. southwest. As time went on, European influence in the region diminished.. The French sold there claims to the United States, in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Once the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase, western expansion began. This set the stage for major conflict in the region. The United States gained independence from England in 1775. After 1775, the Americans started to expand west. By the time Mexico gained independence, the United States had reached the Mexican frontier. Mexico needed to protect its northern borders. To protect the border region, Mexico needed to populate the area. Mexico continued the policy started by Spain of allowing Americans to settle Texas. The Americans had to follow Mexican law, religion and customs. The settlement of Texas played into the United States' expansion plans. Eventually Mexico City closed Texas from more Americans from entering. This angered the Americans wanting to enter and Americans already living in Texas. Texas revolted from Mexico in 1833. Mexicans did live in Texas, and fought for the independence of Texas. The majority of Texans were Americans and fought for their independence. After the war the Americans intentionally or non-intentionally forced most Mexicans out of Texas. The ones that stayed faced racial tensions that continue to today. After gaining independence from Mexico, Texas wanted to join the United States immediately. The U.S. Congress voted

Essay on Human Influenced Climate Change

Essay on Human Influenced Climate Change Essay on Human Influenced Climate Change Arguments Against Climate Change These are some of the arguments used to prevent effective action on climate change. Climate change is not occurring This was the original argument used by the carbon industry to discredit climate change and global warming. Today the vast majority of world experts on climatic issues agree that it is changing, and that the evidence is there for everyone to witness. Climate change is good for us A more recent argument used by the carbon industry to confuse the issue of climate change and global warming with the intention of stopping effective action on climate change. Their approach falls into two categories: 1. CO2 fertilisation This concept relates to the fact that CO2 is sometimes a limiting growth factor for plants. The theory goes that with increases in atmospheric CO2 our agriculture will become much more productive. However, the storms, floods, fire and drought that are already playing havoc with agriculture are likely to have a significant negative impact, along with the longer term flooding of coastal areas. 2. Some parts of the world will be better to live in In theory some parts of the world might benefit, from a human point of view, due to global warming. However, at current rates of warming, local ecosystems will collapse and any objective measure of global benefits versus suffering would show much more suffering than benefits gained. Climate change is natural, therefore we should do nothing Climate change is natural and natural climate change is occurring constantly. However, natural climate change has been overtaken by human induced climate change which is causing the majority of climate change we are seeing today. Even if the climate change we are seeing today was totally natural, the disastrous impact is already being felt. It's unclear how much of today's climate change is caused by humans, therefore we don't really know if we should do anything Similar to the above argument and equally nonsensical. We can see and feel the impacts of our changing climate and we should do something about it regardless of the cause. The climate has been much hotter/colder in the past This

Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on UK Companies Essay

Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on UK Companies - Essay Example The law has eleven sections, each with a varying amount of subsections. Each title has tremendous effect on the business and legal environment, with titles ranging from auditing, inspection of registered public accounting firms, accounting standards, establishment of an accounting oversight board, auditor partner rotation, corporate responsibility for financial reports, and probation to personal loans to executives, among others. Sarbanes - President George W. Bush signed Oxley in July 2002. The authors of the law are Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley. Sarbanes is the longest serving U. S. senator in Maryland history, having won his fifth term in 2000. He received his undergraduate degree from Princeton University, and a Harvard law degree. Sarbanes is the senior Democrat on the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee. Representative Michael Oxley was elected to the Ohio House in 1972 at the age of twenty - eight. Oxley has his undergraduate degree from University of Miami in Oxford, Ohio, and received a law degree from the University of Ohio. He is now the chairman of the House Committee of Financial Affairs. The largest part of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act is not all the sections that it covers in the law, not who signed it, or even authored it; it is how corporations will comply to this extensive piece of legislation. Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom all were under much scrutiny in the last couple of years because of personal loans given to executives for personal use. SOX bans the use of nearly all personal loans. These loans that corporations would give out to their executives were not really loans at all, but large sums of money, not expected to be paid back. Â  

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Not sure - Essay Example Bargaining for love is equivalent to trade. It is difficult to give a clean chit to Hamlet by analyzing the various phases of his relationship and professed love to Ophelia. Funeral oration (the incident at the grave of Ophelia) cannot be the true index of love. Heart is the real domain of love and not the logic and reasoning of the head. The more intense is the reasoning, more doubts it creates about genuinely. A lover is not like the lawyer trying to argue a false case. For example, the content and language of his letter to Ophelia that Polonius reads before the king and queen doesn’t sound creditworthy. Hamlet’s love looks like the flight of imagination, the dew of the morning that will melt facing the truth of sunshine. The warning by her brother Laertes that Hamlet’s love is a passing phase seems correct. If it is true love, should it change often as it happens in the case of Hamlet? True love is not situational. Will an individual feign madness to bitterly hurt his love? That situation could be the necessity of Shakespeare to give intelligent twist to the plot of the drama. But Hamlet doesn’t do justice to the cause of true love. Yet, he gives proof about his love in the above letter by claiming, â€Å" To the celestial and my soul's idol, the most beautified Ophelia ... Doubt thou the stars are fire, doubt that the sun doth move, doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love." (II, 2) But this looks like the calculated overflow of the feelings. In the later part of the play his love diminishes and the reason given is that the brother and father of Ophelia are studying his moves for his objective to oppose the fructification of love. In such a situation an individual needs to be more firm. The opposition from the side of a girl in the situation like the one in which Ophelia was placed was but normal. When firm display of love was required, Hamlet backtracked. Professing love, when the going is good is not the indication of true love. Adverse circumstances are the testing times. Hamlet’s bitter speech in a harsh tone when he states, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery!† and then accusing Ophelia, and all women, of the crimes of his mother guilty of, go against his professed love. Can an individual who truly loves, can hurl accusations, insult and berate to the extent which Hamlet does? One, who is against the entire women-folk, cannot love a girl from the bottom of one’s heart. He should have found ways and means to keep the lines of communication with her. Even in the graveyard incident mentioned above, silence on the part of Hamlet on that occasion would have said much about his love than the virulent words defending his love. His contradictory pronouncements of "I did love you once" (III.i.114) and "I loved you not" (III.i.117) do nothing more than further verify Hamlet's lack of control over his own mind, which establishes one of his innate flaws. Hamlet’s misadventures in love are due to his psychological problems. His women characters are like the barometers to indicate how women were treated during the Elizabethan era. Women had no private emotional world of their own, as they were unimportant to men. Take the example of Polonius who was the domineering father who decisively interferes in the emotional world of his daughter and she is not allowed to talk to the man she loves. He argues: â€Å"Marry, well bethought 'Tis told me he hath very oft of late Given private time to you, and you yourself

The cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cask of amontillado - Essay Example Jealousy and pride are two of the most basic human traits that it oftentimes drives a person to murder as an act of revenge upon the person whom one feels has bested him, as in the case of Montresor and the unfortunately named Fortunato. As indicated in the opening statement of the story â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge.† (Poe 743). Within the context of the story, we can see that Montresor feels that Fortunato has made a fool of him many times and has thus, hurt his pride often. Reaching his tipping point, he then vows to exact revenge upon Fortunato, though he is unsure of whether his desire to kill the other is based upon jealousy or revenge. Montresor proves to be a master of mind games as he successfully uses reverse psychology in order to continue to entice Fortunato towards the deep catacombs where his death awaited him. He appealed to the vanity and pride of Fortunato in order to ensure the success of his plans. This leads the reader to conclude that Montresor has a perverse mind that simply wanted to do Fortunato fatal harm even though he had not done anything within the storyline to deserve such a fate. Yet towards the end, we see that Montresor still has some control over his mental faculties as he senses guilt and remorse over what he has done to Fortunato. A man whom he knows truly has not done anything wrong to him except to be better than him in certain ways. Thus we see a man, psychologically conflicted and unable to deal with the results of his actions in his

Green Energy Means Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Green Energy Means Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Green energy means renewable energy that is vast alternative for the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Other conventional method used to provide electricity is such as geothermal, biomass, ocean, solar, wind, hydro, hydrogen fuel cells and etc. Biomass energy is derived from the wastes and animal dung either by burning it or just leaving the wastes to lay off by itself to get biofuel or biogas. Ocean energy is gained from the sea and there are two types of them such as thermal energy and mechanical energy. Hydrogen must go through reformation process or electrolysis process to be able to use for the fuel cells to provide electricity. The objective of the project is to choose seven types of renewable energies and explain its applications and advantages in detail. 1. Introduction Green energy is sustainable energy, which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future[2]. These alternative energy sources are said to be not harmful to humans and environment and also arenon polluting energy sources. It basically reduces pollution and the impact on the environment that the existing energy source is causing now and in the past by conventional energy sources such as fossil fuel, coal and wood. These are non renewable energy sources, also known as the brown energy[1]. These sources are mainly used in the production of electricity, heating and fuel for boilers. They cause excessive amount of pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, together with particles that could harm humans. These pollutants are the main contributors to the greenhouse gases that cause global warning. Brown energy are also types of sources that are typically reducing on our earth, which means it could not be re-produced to be used in future. The main aim for this study on green energy is to literate the reader on what is green energy and the importance of these energy to substitute our current conventional energy resources. These report is also to identify the main types of green energies available for the current technology practised in our world today with the history of energy development that brought to the practice of green energy. 2. Green Energy Sources of green energy come from the nature itself, being free to be harvested. They are mainly derived from the sun (solar power), wind and water. Wind turbines have been used since old times to grind grains, where the term windmill is derived from. A more expensive source would come from nuclear and bioenergy (biofuel and biogas). Nuclear power is also categorized in green energy as it does not produce greenhouse gases. Waste from nuclear power plants are problematic and dangerous to be handled as it takes hundreds to thousands of years to decay before reaching the level that is not harmful to humans, plants and the animals. But in order to completely wipe out the usage of fossil fuels to produce electricity, the number of nuclear plants has to be increased so that greenhouse gases emissions can be cut down massively.[3] Energy from sun, wind and water are continuous but inconsistent. Rainy days that could affect solar power production and droughts that would affect water levels in dams are the main drawbacks of these energy sources. As renewable energy is sometimes inconsistent, excellent storage capacity is needed to store energy that are produced. It is usually windier in the night time, but the demand would be lesser. Nuclear plants generate so much power at a particular time that they cannot be used at once. So large battery banks are required in order to mesh with the electricity system and provide a consistent power supply. 2.1 History of Energy Development The history of energy consumption of human being dates back to 3000 BC where the Mesopotamians used petroleum to caulk ships and to build roads. Coals were used during the Bronze Age to heat up iron and shape them, as well as in the Roman culture. This long history of non-renewable energy usage has urged the emergence of green energy to replace them in order to keep the future generation safe.[4] 2000 B.C. Crude oil was used to light lamps and heat up homes by the Chinese. 200 B.C. Salt produced from brine using natural gas from underground by Chinese. 600 B.C. Static Electricity found by Thales of Miletus by rubbing amber. 250 400 A.D. First water-powered Mills built by the Romans 600 A.D. Greek Fire was invented by the Persians and Arabs, a form of burning liquid used greatly in the Byzantine Empire as weapon. 500 900 A.D Windmills were built to pump water and grind grains by the Persians. Late 1500s Coal was imported greatly by US, up to 108,000 tons until the 1800s. 1700s A kite that transmitted electricity through its wet cord was found by Ben Franklin. A breakthrough in electricity discovery. 1800-1826 US had the first electric utility. Mid 1800s-1950 Wood as the primary source of fuel, but decreased after the shift back to coal. 1870-1880 Gas and alcohol using first combustion engine. First U.S. power plant to produce electricity opened (Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Station) 1888 First wind turbine generating electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Early 1900s Geothermal used to produce electricity commercially by the Italians 1938 Nuclear Fission discovered by the Germans. 1940-1950 The Atomic Energy Act implementation and the first electricity were produced by using nuclear power. 1950s First silicon solar cell was invented (solar photovoltaic). 1960s National Environmental Policy Act and Clean Air Act in US implementation to protect the environment and reduce pollution. 1970s Department of Energy (DOE) were formed. Water from power plant was controlled with Clean Water Act in 1972. 1974 Development of renewable energy was initiated and supported by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1980s First wind farm built in the United States.2.2 Giga watts of power produced in California. 1990s Natural gas was used in almost 50percent of homes in US for heating. Towards the Greener Solution Till 2007, 24 states adopted policies for increasing the production of renewable energy. 2.2 Importance of Green Energy Research from scientific evidence are showing that what this present generation is doing will impact the environment in the next 50 100 years. The fact that only one earth is known by human being urges government and private sectors to find solutions to reduce pollution and having a lifestyle that is more eco-friendly. A few reasons on why green energy is important. Non renewable fossil fuels burning are causing greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, dissolving into raindrops and causing acid rains. Acid rains damages crops, plants and forests. Aquatic organisms are also affected by this as lakes and rivers pH levels are altered. Human built structures such as steel bridges, marble statues and limestone buildings are being eroded by acid rain.[10] Figure 3 is a pie chart showing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. by gas type. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are also supply that is not endless. Sooner or later the supply will vanish and unavailable for future generations. Wind, water and solar energy are constant, sustainable and 100 percent clean energy. It does not cause negative impact on environment such as pollutant and waste. This energy type is free as well. Humans would benefits in health as reduced pollutants would provide cleaner and more breathable air. Lands would be saved as waste management is not necessary. Cleaner water for domestic usage and aquatic organism a would be available. Jobs opportunity would arise in rural areas as most renewable energy plants are located far from cities. Regional development also would benefit from this.[8][9] 3. Types of Green Energy 3.1 Biomass Biomass is derived from farm wastes, animal wastes, plant oils, crops and some kind of garbage [11]. Energy that is generated from the wastes is called bio power or bioenergy [11]. Biomass can be processed further to obtain biofuels or burned directly to obtain bioenergy[11]. The energy obtained from burning the wastes can be converted into heat, electricity and mechanical energy [1]. 3.1.1 Types of biofuels Solid form its obtained from the burning of organic material such as animal wastes, wood, grain and other types of garbages [11]. Liquid form- its obtained straight from the plant and does not involves any burning of material [1]. Biodiesel can be taken as an example for this type of form. It is extracted from vegetable oils or animal fats [11]. Gas form its obtained from organic waste such as dead plant and animal wastes when the organic material breakdown naturally without the need of oxygen [12]. Biogases consist of methane that is essential in terms of natural gas [12]. 3.1.2 Application of biomass Widely used in transportation in the form of gases Electricity generation plants Gas produced from the biomass gasifier must be cleaned first before cooling it down and use it as a fuel to run an IC engine that is coupled together with the generator [13]. Heat application Biomass is used as a fuel to provide energy for the fuel-fired furnace that is often used for high end outputs such as[13 ]: Forging furnace Ovens Kilns Dryers Small boilers Direct fire process heater Re-rolling mills 3.1.3 Benefits of biomass energy Biogases that are used as fuels gives more mileage for cheaper price compared to fossil fuels Energy from biomass has got no ending to it since human throw wastes in daily basis and animals also constantly produce muck Energy gained from burning the wastes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide that is released from the burning is useful for the plants in terms of photosynthesis process. Each country has their wastes in terms of plants, animals dung and garbages, these materials is available locally. This can reduce the need for foreign investors in the country thus improve the nation economically as well Biomass in mass production can reduce the increase in global temperature significantly. 3.2 Ocean energy Ocean energy is gained from the sea. There are two types of energy gained from the ocean such as thermal energy and mechanical energy [15]. Thermal energy is gained by the difference in temperature between the warmer surface of the ocean and the deep cold ocean water [15]. Mechanical energy is gained from tidal and wave that is used to rotate the turbine to provide electricity in most of the power plants available [15]. 3.2.1 Types of energy gained 3.2.2 Thermal energy The difference between the temperatures should be around 38 Degree Fahrenheit in order to build a power plant that can fully utilize this temperature difference to make energy [16]. There are 3 types of cycles involved in electricity conversion system from the heat energy such as: Closed cycle The heat at the surface of the ocean water is used to vaporize an ammonia type of fluid which has low boiling point and the vapor expands to turn the turbine to produce electricity [15]. Open cycle The sea water in this case is kept at low pressure in order to force it to boil at low temperature and the steam produced from the sea water is then used to rotate the turbine to activate the generator to produce electricity[15]. Hybrid The combination of both open and closed cycles is used to rotate the turbine in a most economical way [15] 3.2.3 Mechanical energy Tidal energy its gained as the earth rotates and the gravitational pull of the moon. The principle of tidal energy is when the tides is at high point the water is trapped in the dam and as the tides began to reach the low point, the trapped water is released to rotate the turbine at high speed to generate electricity[15]. The concept is similar to hydroelectric power plants [6]. Wave energy Existing kinetic energy from the movement of the waves is used to power up the turbine [15]. The concept is simple that the waves from the ocean comes into the chamber from the right, as the rise of the waves will force the air to release from the chamber and the released air is the one that will rotate the turbine to provide electricity as shown in the figure 1 below[16]. The higher the waves, higher are the rotation of the turbine. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story_old/images/chap14_wave_2007.gif Application of wave energy [16] 3.3 Hydrogen and fuel cells energy Hydrogen best identified as the simplest component [18]. One proton and one electron are the sub elements inside an atom of hydrogen [18]. It has a limitation is that it doesnt appear by its own in the earth. Hydrogen atom always combined together with other elements such as water [17][18]. The molecular weight of hydrogen is 1kmol and the lightest weigh among all the other natural components available in earth. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbon by heating process and this is called reformation process [18]. Electric current also used to separate hydrogen from water and the separation process is called electrolysis [18]. Fuel cells function is to convert hydrogen to electricity directly without any other processes in between [18]. Reformation of methanol, gasoline and natural gas can provide hydrogen for the usage of fuel cells [18]. Methanol can be used directly for some fuel cells without any reformation process [18]. 3.3.1 Applications of hydrogen and fuel cells NASA used liquid nitrogen as a fuel for the space shuttles and other rockets. Liquid nitrogen does not emit any harmful material after the combustion [18]. The product of the conversion by hydrogen fuel cells is pure water that is used as drinking water by the astronauts [18]. Hydrogen powered vehicles is among the growing applications of energy since hydrogen fuel cells capable of providing power for buses[21]. Fuel cells also can provide electricity for a residential housing area that is big as a traditional AC unit [21]. It can operate 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. 3.3.2 Advantages of fuel cells Efficient conversion of energy from hydrogen to electricity without any combustion taking place and the byproduct is water[19][20] The noise level created from an operation of a fuel cell relatively much more quiet than the conventional motors[20] Easier maintenance since less moving parts[20] Life span is longer than a battery since it has no memory effect when its refueled[10] The source for fuel cells are hydrogen and it is available with water[20] Can reduce the nations usage of fossil fuels since fossil fuels come at higher price than hydrogen that is naturally available in the earth [20]. 3.4 Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is a form of thermal energy stored by generation of heat from radioactive decay of minerals occurring inside the earth (80 percent) and from the original formation of the planet (20 percent).[6] Due to the temperature differences between the earth core and surface, continuous heat transfer occurs from the core to surface. Radioactive decaying of natural materials such as uranium and potassium that occurs at the core creates a temperature reaching over 5000 degree Celsius and very high pressure.[7] This high temperature and pressure causes melting of surrounding cooler rocks and these results in the formation of magma. This magma then heats up the rocks and water in the crust which can go up tp 370 degree Celsius.[6] In the range of 10kilometers of earth surface contains heat energy that is 50000 times more than all the oil and natural gas sources in the world.[7] The typical place that usually spots geothermal activities is regions with active volcanic activities. T his usually occurs at places where the earth crust is thin enough to let the heat out. Earthquake and magma movements breaks up the rocks covering and allows water to circulate, producing natural hot springs and geysers as the heated up water reaches the surface. As these hot and pressured water forms a reservoir type of containment underground, wells are usually constructed to harvest electricity or heat. 3.4.1 Applications Steam produced from the reservoir containing pressured and hot water are usually used to power turbines in power plants that generates electricity (Steam Turbine), while other power plants uses the hot water in the reservoir to boil a working fluid that vaporizes and moves a turbine. Heat produced by hot water near to the earth surface can be directly used for heating purpose. The applications that utilizes these direct heat includes heating buildings and homes purpose, growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water at fish farms, and also in pasteurizing milk processes at milk industries. This is done by using geothermal heat pumps. There is also formation of hot dry rocks, usually 4-10kilometers from earth surface. Technologies is existing to inject cold water onto these hot dry rocks, circulating them through the cracks of the rocks and drawing back the heat from another well located at the end of the water circuit.[5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/131_geothermal_energy.gif Water pumped down through injection well and collected at production well. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/images/ce/geopower3.gif How geothermal heat used to power turbines. 3.5 Hydropower Hydro means water, so hydropower basically is the power that derived from the force of moving water and generates electricity at damn by water falling throughout the turbines. [22] The fall of water and movement is part of a constant ordinary cycle known as water cycle. Water in the earths ocean and rivers evaporates by energy from the sun and draws it ascendant as water vapour. Once the water vapour reached the cooler air in atmosphere, it automatically abbreviates and forms as clouds. [23] Hence, the moisture fall to earth as rain and fill the water in oceans and rivers. The moving of water from higher ground to the lower ground with the gravitational force and it drives the water extremely powerful to assist generates electricity for daily usage of human being.[23] Hydropower is a one of the worlds biggest source of renewable energy and play important role or facing challenges during period of climate vary. [24] Hydropower also is considering clean energy source because it does no t release any toxins to damage the environment. [25] Figure 3.1: Water cycle diagram 3.5.1 Types of Hydropower Hydropower is primarily used to generate electricity. There are few types of hydropower which is common usage in world. Micro hydro: provide few hundred kilowatts to remote villages, homes and small industries.[26] Pumped-storage hydroelectricity: stores the water that has been pumped during low demand and generates it when demand is high.[26] Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity: it will capture the kinetic energy in rivers without using dams.[26] Conventional hydroelectricity: power comes from the potential energy of dammed and water drives the turbine to generate electricity.[27] The most common type of hydropower that has been used is conventional hydroelectricity known as hydroelectricity power plant which is uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. This power station is usually placed in hill areas so can build dams easily and can obtain larger water reservoir and generate huge quantity of electricity. [28] 3.5.2 How is hydroelectricity power produced?http://cwc.gov.in/Kids%20Corner_files/hydropower.gif Figure 3.2: Simple Hydropower station diagram In hydropower station, the potential energy that stored in body of water at a given height is converted to kinetic energy which is used to rotate the turbine and produce electricity. [28] In the generation of electricity by using hydroelectric power, water is accumulated or stock up at higher level and guide descending through large pipes to lower level known as penstock. [29] Once the water reaches the end of the penstock with higher pressure it will hits and drives the turbine to create mechanical energy from kinetic energy. Turbines rotate the connected to shaft which is turn the generator and change mechanical energy to electrical energy. [9] Inside the generator there is rotor that covers by turbine. Large electromagnets are attached to the rotor located within coils of copper wires called as stator. Flow of electrons is formed in the coils of stator when a generator rotor spins the magnets. [31] This produces electricity that can be step up in voltage through the station transformers and centre cross transmission lines. Therefore, transmission line conducts electricity from hydropower plant to the distribution system. There are certain advantages and disadvantag es of using hydroelectric power station: Advantages It is constantly renewable remaining to the habitual nature of the hydrologic cycle. The water that been used for generation of electricity can be utilize for irrigation, boating and fishing, kayaking and etc. Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution and no waste is produced Using water to run the power plant that provided free by nature Disadvantages Only at limited places hydropower plant can be constructed. Dams are expensive to build. Possibility of dam collapsing 3.6 Solar energy Solar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun that is converted into thermal or electricity energy for homes and industry usage. The amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy. [32] Renewable and sustainable energy source such as solar energy make use of it around the world to produce electricity for number of different purpose and its use is both environmentally-friendly and cost-effective over the long term. There are varieties of technologies that have been used to take benefits of solar energy. Types of technologies such as photovoltaic system is common have been used to develop solar energy for daily and powering numerous applications. [33] Photovoltaic system (PV) is solar cells or panels directly convert sunlight into electricity. [34] The conversion of sunlight directly into electricity (DC) will be done by solar cells. Electricity from solar cells is stored in the battery for instant or future usage and where an inverter is required to change the Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) to power the most AC appliances. [35] Photovoltaic system solar cell made of semiconducting materials that related to those used in computer chips. Once the rays are engaged by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from the atoms, via allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process of converting light (photon) to electricity (voltages) is called as photovoltaic (PV) effect. [36] The simple of photovoltaic (PV) system illustrated in figure below that can explain about it.A diagram of how the components of a PV system interact with each other. Figure: Simple Photovoltaic (PV) system with components The electricity that generated can be stored or directly utilize by photovoltaic standalone system, or a huge electricity grid powered supplied by central generation plants (photovoltaic grid-tied system), or else joint with single or numerous domestic electricity generations to supply into small grid (photovoltaic hybrid system). [37] Supplying of DC and/or AC electrical load that operate independently of the electric utility grid is designed by standalone photovoltaic system. Direct-coupled system is of the simplest type of standalone photovoltaic system that the DC output of a module or array is directly connected to a DC load (figure). [38] When there is no electrical energy stored in batteries in direct-coupled system, the load can operates during the sunlight. So, common applications that used for example water pumps, ventilation fans and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems are appropriate. [38]A diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system. Figure: Direct coupled PV system Hybrid system only integrates more than one generating source, which may use an engine-generator, wind, or utility power as a supplementary power source. Initially the battery store is recharged by the photovoltaic system once insufficient the generator charges the batteries. Solar Hybrid System Figure: Photovoltaic hybrid system Grid tie photovoltaic system is deliberate to work with utility grid power. Direct Current (DC) power from the Photovoltaic array into Alternating Current (AC) power is converted by the inverter. AC appliances or local utility company can make use of the direct AC power.Solar Grid-Tie System Figure: Photovoltaic Grid Tie system 3.7 Wind Energy Wind energy is the renewable power or energy which comes from the air that flowing across the earths surface. Wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. [40] Wind is exist due to uneven heats of the atmosphere by sun, the irregularity of the earths landscape and rotation of the earth.[41] Movement of air from region of higher pressure level to region of lower pressure level is also known as wind. When hot air increases, the atmospheric pressure will reduce at earths exterior, and the cooler air will travel in to fill up the void. In fact, flow of wind patterns are personalized by earth landscape, vegetative cover and bodies of water. One of the fastest growing sources of electricity and fastest growing markets in the world today is wind energy because is green power, sustainable, affordable, and economic development. [42] In wind turbines there are consist of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines been designed for rotation function. 3.7.1 How a wind energy or wind turbine is work? Terms of wind energy or else wind power illustrate the generation of mechanical power or electricity by using wind. Air has mass when it is in motion, and it contains the energy of that motion, known as kinetic energy. [40] Therefore wind turbines are usually use to harvest the kinetic energy and convert it by using inverter into utilizable which can provide electricity for home, business applications and for sale to utilities. Wind turbine also produce mechanical energy that harvested from kinetic energy to drive machinery, for instance grinding grain and pumping water, the device called as windmill or wind pump in rural place. wind energy diagram Most common method to generate electricity is by using wind turbines. Figure 1 is explaining the simple understand on working principle of wind turbines. Explanation from the figure 1, wind will turn the large turbine blades; the turning energy will spins a generator shaft and produces electricity. The electricity that produced by wind turbine is Direct Current (DC) and it cannot use because household appliances and use Alternating Current (AC). Hence, inverters connect to wind turbines to the mains power of a building and used to convert the DC electricity into useable AC electricity. [43] Small-scale of wind energy does not use inverters, as an alternative using the wind energy electricity can be charge batteries, connected to buildings main power or else connected to national power grid. [44] Advantages There are no fossil or fuels required to generate electricity [45] Wind energy does not pollute at all so does not harm environment or discharge any toxic gases[7] Wind energy directly can be used as mechanical energy[47] Disadvantages Once there is no wind, solar energy or geothermal energy use as alternative way to generate electricity [48] Need expensive storage throughout peak production time.[49] Requires large scale area to build wind farm.[49] 4. Conclusion Green energy is the only visible solution so that the future generations are not compromised

Credo Paper Essay

To have a belief is to have confidence, faith and trust in something that cannot always be proven right or wrong. Some families are required to have certain beliefs due to religions where as other individuals develop their own core beliefs based on experience or teaching from mentors in their life. Whether they are taught to you or you create them yourself, whatever you believe in makes up your core beliefs. Most of my core beliefs deal with my relationship with God, but a few beliefs go into how I live my life. To believe or not to believe in God; and how many God’s exactly? There are a lot of good explanations for both beliefs but I choose to believe in one eternal God. I have gone to church all of my life and over this time period I was taught to memorize and practice the Ten Commandments. The first commandment was to worship only one God. Due to how I was raised I have always only worshiped one God and that will never change. Some religions choose to worship more than one God but I do not understand this theory. Jesus was one human being and it is said that God lived through Jesus so therefor there is only one God to worship to. Nowhere is it said that there was more than one Jesus so why would one believe that there would be more than one God? The explanation is clear to me that since there was one human teaching God’s word on the Earth, than there would be only one Holy Spirit up in heaven telling his son what to teach. I choose to pray and worship to one Holy Spirit and I do this because I believe in one God almighty. Due to my belief in God being all-powerful, I believe this plays into my belief about him being all-knowing. God is the creator of our lives and is aware of what our futures will consist of. Although it is known that each human has free will, I think that God watches over us and encourages us to do the right things. The saying â€Å"do what your heart tells you† is why I bel ieve that God is all knowing. In my opinion I believe that God’s place is in our hearts. When the heart first beats that is when one knows that God has created another human being, but when the heart stops that person enters God’s kingdom. The time in between the first heart beat and the last God does his job through our hearts that is why I believe he is all powerful. He has the ability to control every person, but I do not believe he takes advantage of this power. God only controls us when we deeply need it and that is when we are told to do what our heart says. God tries to speak tous through our heart and minds because he has the power to do so. Although there is Evil in this world, I believe God is omnibenevolent. Omnibenevolent is to be all-good. If God did not have the characteristic to be all good then how different would the world and the people within it look? I have experienced God showing off his good deeds after attending major sports games (i.e. baseball, basketball, football, etc.). Typically individuals, who are homeless or jobless, sit on the side of the street and beg other people for money. Some people choose to just walk past and say nothing, while others choose to place money in the cup and say God Bless You. Because of people donating money to needy individuals there is good in the world. God teaches us to treat everyone like they are our bothers and/or sisters, but yet some people treat others as though they are devils. I do not believe that God wants us to give up everything in our lives to make one single person happy, but I do believe that God wants everyone to share wealth to stop suffering. I have read and seen that God wishes for peace on this Earth, with peace comes good and through God’s teachings, good will rise. I believe that God is the creator of all things. What or who else could have created us to be how we are? This belief could also tie into another one of my beliefs which is that God is omnipotent or otherwise stated as all-powerful. To me God is omnipotent because there are events that have no explanation to them. One event in particular is the creation of the Earth and everything living. Some individuals believe the Big Bang was the cause to the creation of the Earth and everything that came with it, but I believe differently. To create such a complex and genius design of everything cannot just come from an explosion; it had to come from a person with an ingenious brain. God created this earth because of knowing what all had to be put into it in order for people and animals to survive and reproduce. An explosion does not know how to created life on Earth but the Lord knows everything and therefor knew how to create a prosperous Earth for people and animals to strive on. Overall in m y opinion God is the creator of all things and there is no other explanation. I believe in predestination and I believe God is in control of it. My  reasons for believing in these theories are held in specific examples. My 11 year old cousin, Claire, was born missing optic nerves which caused her to lose sight. At the beginning of her life, my family was devastated and scared as to what would happen in the future. After watching her mature for 11 years, I am utterly amazed at the goals she has accomplished. Claire is now able to play the drums, play the piano, sit in a normal classroom setting, get around in certain places on her own, and socialize with people she is not familiar with. In my opinion she is downright a miracle in our family and I believe this was all in God’s plans. God predestined Claire to be born without sight so she could live a better life and show those around her what life is really about. My friend Austin also emphasizes my belief in predestination. Austin is homosexual and according to the Bible this is a sin. Due to what I believe in I do not agree with what the Bible says about homosexuality. I believe that God creates us and lives through us, but this would mean that God created Austin to be homosexual. If God thought that homosexuality was a sin, then he would not have predestined Austin have feelings for men. God loves all and that is why he creates a plan for us to follow for the rest of our lives. Overall, God has a plan for everyone, some plans may look scary or wrong, but in the end the events are already planned and will benefit us in the future. I believe that God can work through the hand of physicians to cure and save humans and animals. I have had a first-hand experience with this phenomenon with my cousin Claire who was mentioned earlier. Through Claire I have seen God’s miracles at work in multiple ways. About 4 years ago Claire and my Aunt Jennifer traveled across the world to China for a specific stem cell treatment. The treatment was supposed to supply Claire with the stem cells that she was born missing. My family had high hopes for this treatment, but no one was one hundred confident that it would work. After about 2 weeks of constant injections, I was able to witness through a computer screen, Claire call out certain shapes and colors to her doctors. This was truly a miracle that she could see as much as she did and it was all because of doctors and studies done. To this miracle I say thanks to God for blessing each doctor or researcher with the brain to invent such a treatment to help my cousin see just a little color in her life. This experience taught me to trust in doctors and researchers because they are given God’s hands and can cure a  lot more than most believe. The golden rule states â€Å"treat others the way you want to be treated.† I hold this rule t o a high standard because I live my life by it. Personally, I do not understand why people choose to judge others. I have experienced countless situations where a handicapped individual received the awkward stare down and then overheard the group of people start whispering about them. Every time this has happened, I get sick to my stomach. I do not understand how some people can be okay with judging people. So many times I have walked around with my cousin Claire and I cannot say how many times I have seen those eyes and heard the quieted talks amongst others. No, I am not the one being treated this way but I never want Claire to be treated in this regard either. I cannot imagine that those individuals judging innocent people do not wish to be judged in that regard, so my question will always stand; why do you look and or treat people that way if you would not want the same in return? Because of personal experiences of watching others being judged and being treated wrong myself, I strongly believe in the Golden Rule which again states that people should treat others the way they want to be treated. Some of my beliefs may not agree with your core beliefs but that is okay, because God created us all to be different. Whether one agrees or disagrees with my beliefs I think that everyone could come to an agreement that one’s core beliefs are how we choose to live our lives. In my life I choose to worship one eternal God who I believe is the power over all. I also believe that everyone should be treated equally in this world. I find peace within myself when I live out my beliefs daily and I hope to do this for the rest of my life.