To What Extent does Asymmetrical Warfare Challenge American Power Essay

To What Extent does Asymmetrical Warfare Challenge American Power (with Some Reference to the War in Afghanistan) - Essay Example One author notes â€Å"Strategists define asymmetric warfare as conflict deviating from the norm or an indirect approach to effect a counter-balancing of force† (Grange, p. 1). A retired serving officer on the other hand notes that â€Å"Judging by the multiple applications of the term [Asymmetry] in military journals, - -‘not fighting fair,’ ‘attacking a weak point,’ ‘information or cyber-war,’ ‘public relations war,’ ‘weapons of mass distraction,’ - very few people understand asymmetry’s formal definition† (Thomas, 2001, p. 32) This differs quite significantly from Thomas’s more practical definition: â€Å"Asymmetry is a matter of two unlike systems interacting, each within its capabilities† (Thomas, 2001, p. 37). Perhaps the most memorable way of describing what it is like to fight an asymmetric war is given by Thomas as follows in relation to disastrous American involvement in Soma lia: â€Å"The problem was about ‘apples’ attending an ‘oranges’ event: any hardware-only solution suggests asymmetric vulnerability† (Thomas, 2001, p. 34). ... 225). Bipolarity has the advantage of being evenly balanced. Attention was focused on one major point of friction, namely the ideological gulf between the two main opponents with clear lines drawn up and bystanders encouraged to take up a position on one side or the other. In the absence of Cold War bipolarity, everything takes on a much more complicated turn, and potential areas for conflict spring up in multiple directions. This creates ambiguity and confusion, and the potential for crisis is multiplied. In the short term this situation appears to be working in America’s favor, but it is likely that over time the forces in the world which oppose American values and policies will regroup, so that one or more new super-powers will emerge. China is an obvious candidate for this role, but there are flashpoints in the Islamic world and in Africa which could lead to new geopolitical alliances forming which could threaten America’s supremacy. The work of Joseph Nye on the wa y that America’s role in the world is changing has done much to explain what the implications are of geo-political shifts that leave America isolated as the only remaining superpower. For Nye, this power has three major forms, namely military, economic and â€Å"soft power†, which he defines as â€Å"the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments† (Nye, 2004, p. 256). American economic dominance on the world markets is one of the ways that soft power works, since cultural artefacts, ideas and ways of doing business travel the globe and create linkages between many other cultures and the American world view. Participation in

Effects of Public Policies and Government Entities on Social Class Essay Example for Free

Effects of Public Policies and Government Entities on Social Class Essay As discussed earlier, there can be many aspects that may affect social classes and these changes and differences can be seen almost everywhere. In this society, starting from schools, workplaces, clothes, music and even the lives in which people live in are all affected in one way or the other by social class. When it comes to a school, teachers may favor students coming from higher classes, and consider them as more intelligent and smarter than the others But this is not absolutely true, since there is simply no evidence that children of lower classes have lower levels of intelligence. Having said this, it is quite obvious when it comes to answering the question of who has the most power in the Country, it would be those who have money. Public Policies and the governmental rules and regulations are enforced within a country in order to minimize threats and inequalities and maintain and equal, prosperous and rightful nation. Governments and public policies are not supposed to be bias and it is definitely not enforced in order to support the rich and suppress the poor. Plus all these rules and regulations are considered to be common to all people living in the country and not just to a certain segment of it. But in the current context, this is rarely the case. Even the government is buried under the soil of power, money and greed, forgetting about all the norms and values of creating equalization among the society. The Sri Lankan Government, for example differentiates its ways of treating and benefitting people according to their social classes and mostly with regard to power and money. Here, the higher your social class is, the higher privilege you will receive, and those with high power will have more benefits and consolation when it comes to establishing public policies. True, there are more than enough criminal laws, and various other rules established in the society, but none of these may seem the least bit important to those who are within the high power hierarchy. All the lower class people, the poor, and oppressed will be the only ones who are punished, and to whom against the government may take high legal action. It brings great curiosity to me, when thinking about, how long the government and politician will be able to fool the power people of the country into thinking that law is the same for everyone! For example, if you take into consideration the Sri Lankan court system, we can see thousands of people flocking in courts, just to get to their hearing. Poor eople, with very minor faults and accused faults are kept in prison for ages, since they are unable to pay a little of their debt money to the courts and those from richer and classier families, are taken in to custody, questioned and then simply let off, no matter how big their crime is. This is one of the main reasons as to why, there are so many strikes and industrial unrest occurring in the country when poorer people try to take things to their own hands when justice is to laid upon them by law. The effects of social classes on the 2012 US election lies unknown to me, since I do not have enough information and facts in order to elaborate my point. Therefore, let me bring forth a situation where the issue of social classes affected the elections in Sri Lanka. For a person in the higher classes, it is not of much importance on who wins the election. No matter who wins and comes to power, they know that, similarly they will also have enough power in order to get what they need and survive in the society, arm to arm with the politicians. Although the citizens are entitled to free speech and right to vote, always the one with greater power and a certain level of cunningness will always get the poor peoples votes, win and then gradually wash their hands over the people who brought the win to them. It is a well known fact that most of the cabinet holders are of the upper class. And the oppositions, who are known to be the party that benefits the common people in the country, are also packed with upper class people, who do not even have the necessary educational qualifications in order to get there. The people of lower classes will always want a government that provides them with enough benefits and appreciation for the work they do. They would also dream of and era, where the poor and the rich would be treated the same and they wouldn’t have to be oppressed and ignored and given priority when it comes to getting their work done at a government institute. If the poor have to stay in long queues for hours, then the law should be that, no matter how big you are, they should also follow the same procedure. Yes, I do agree with the authors opinion,, since the author has clearly illustrated through figure 7, that poverty is unequally distributed according to race and that statics show how, mostly colored people are considered to be the poor and families with women heads are considered to be poorer than those lead by men. It is certain that the inequality among the class groups will further strengthen if necccassary precautions and actions are not taken by the authorities that are responsible.

Hysteria Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"In the beginning was Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, who freed the emerging science from the chains of superstition, introduced empirical observation and the bedside manner, and both identified and named ‘hysteria’† (Gilman 1993, 3). Hippocrates, lived in ancient Greece from 460 BCE to 377 BCE, the first [known] person to study hysterical actions believed (as did the proceding Greeks and Romans) that hysteria was strictly a female problem, and in many cases almost any problem a female had was considered ‘hysteria’ (Gilman 1993, 4). This view was believed for an extensive period of time but as Appignanesi asserts many other things that were once believed to be true are proven false later, i.e., the earth is the center of the universe [Copernicus, 1473-1543], God did not create man, instead we evolved from apes [Darwin, 1809-1882] (100). This holds true for the concept of hysteria being strictly a female problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hysteria (as we know it today at least) is where specific memories, feelings, perceptions are taken from the conscious to the un/sub-conscious and are ‘unable’ to be recalled voluntarily. Furthermore they are able to affect the persons behavior in a variety of ways, from phobias to paralysis. Almost any organ or part of the body can be the scapegoat for the hysteric. Hysteria usually comes from feelings or memories which are particularly unpleasant for one reason or another. Freud would argue that more often then not (if not always) hysteria is related to sex or sexuality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If there was one person to name as the ‘father’ of the modern view of hysteria it would hands down be Sigmund Freud. His analyses of hysterical persons has defined everything from the process of diving into the un/sub-conscious mind to retrieve the root of the problem to connecting the problem to the symptoms of hysteria. One of most widely known case studies is that of a young lady whom Freud has given the alias of ‘Dora’. Dora first met Freud at the age of 16 when her father brought her to Freud because she â€Å"†¦had†¦grown unmistakably neurotic.† (Freud, 13). Two years proceeding their [Freud and Dora] first introduction her father brought her to Freud for â€Å"†¦psychotherapeutic treatment.† (Freud, 13) Freud had met most of Dora’s family prior to her ‘treatment’ and stated that â€Å"There could be no doubt†¦that it was from... ...to pin point one distinct cause of hysteria but instead many different aspects of the hysterics life plays a part in the overall hysteria. Freud revolutionized the psychological world in many ways, his work on hysteria is perhaps some of his best. He molded a strong base to which modern knowledge of hysteria is accumulated upon. From Hippocrates to Freud the knowledge of hysteria has been on quite a voyage, and like most other ideas has changed drastically over time, and will continue to change. Works cited Appignanesi, Richard. Freud For Beginners. New York: Pantheon Books,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1979. Freud, Sigmund. DORA: An Analysis Case Of Hysteria. New York Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1963. Gilman, Sander L. and King, Helen. and Porter, Roy. and Rousseau, G.S. and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Showalter, Elaine. Hysteria Beyond Freud. London: University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California Press, 1993. Jung, C.G. The Basic Writings of C.G. Jung. New York: Random House, Inc.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1993. Wortman, Camille B. and Loftus, Elizabeth F. and Marshall, Mary E.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1985.

Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Hands Essay

Sherwood Anderson’s short story, Hands, revolves around the themes of being grotesque and being lonely. The author illustrated these themes through the story’s main character, Wing Biddlebaum, who was driven out of his original hometown after he was accused of molesting a young boy in the school which he used to teach in when he caressed the boy’s hair and shoulders using his hands. In short, Wing’s seemingly â€Å"uncontrollable† hands symbolized his grotesqueness. Although Wing had pure intentions in everything he did, his own fear that he might repeat the incident at the school forced him to live in isolation, which also shows that he is lonely. His only friend was George, who was depicted as his â€Å"pupil† and who exhibited the same passion in writing as Wing did in teaching. Basically, from the themes that the author presented in the story, it can be deduced that even though Wing had problems controlling his hands, he still was in fact a normal person as shown in his friendship with George. This was best illustrated when Wing was about to touch George the same way that he touched the boy at the school using his hands but was able to refrain from doing so. He also gave George advice in his career as a reporter for a newspaper, which showed that he wanted to help the boy and not harm him or sexually harass him In addition, the author portrayed that throughout the whole story that when Wing caressed the young boy’s hair and shoulders at the school, he never meant to sexually harass him. His actions were only misinterpreted by the parents of the boy as sexual in nature which eventually led to his isolation. Moreover, the author depicted Wing as a person who still desired human connection but feared doing so because of his â€Å"uncontrollable hands. † In other words, Wing’s apparent â€Å"grotesque† nature, which was symbolized by his hands, was not his fault but the fault of the people and the world around him. It was their perception of Wing that made him grotesque and not his own hands. Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. 2004. Hands. 14 April 2008 .

Environmental Speech Essay

My speech will be about Global warming, this is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. In 2011 the emission of carbon dioxide and was the highest it had ever been before and it had also taken a similar jump in 2012. Over all, emissions of carbon dioxide had jumped 3 percent in 2011 and in 2012 it was estimated that it had jumped another 2. 6% in 2012. Scientists are 90% sure that Humans are the cause global warming from producing greenhouse gases produced by human activity like using a car which is burning fossil fuels and also is caused deforestation. Since the early 20th century the Earth’s average temperature has increased by 0. 8 degrees centigrade. The effect of an increased temperature will result in the rise of sea levels. Global warming is strongest in the arctic and causes a more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, droughts and species extinction. How do we stop Global Warming? Turning the thermostat down a few degrees can make a big difference in decreasing our carbon dioxide emissions. Replacing a regular light bulb with compact florescent lights will save you ? 15 over the life of the bulb and reduce global warming. Driving less and using public transport more often will reduce the carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels which are burnt every day from transportation vehicles. Decorating your house with plants and trees will help as they take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

LDH Purification lab Report Essays

LDH Purification lab Report Essays LDH Purification lab Report Paper LDH Purification lab Report Paper OLD was purified from the ammonium sulfate precipitated protein mixture by affinity chromatography and its activity was studied by spectrophotometers determination of NADIA at 340 NM. From Pierce BCC assay of crude homogenate, initial protein concentration was shown to be 100 MGM/ml. The final protein concentration of the pooled affinity sample was shown to be 0. 2 MGM/ml. It was found that the total specific activity of OLD was 58. 5 mol/min/MGM, and yield of 0. 6%. Even though we were successful in purifying OLD enzyme, further steps can be taken to increase the yield. Materials and Methods Cell Lysine and Extraction of OLD: Approximately 40 g of minced chicken breast eat (40. 327 g) is blended with ml cold extraction buffer in four 30-seconds bursts for homogenate of the muscle tissue. The extraction buffer contained mm Tries-HCI (pH-7. 4), mm 2-Merchantable, mm Phenylmethylsulfonylflouride (AMPS), 1 mm Ethylene Dianne attracted acid (EDIT). The homogeneities procedure was carried out in the cold room to prevent the denomination of proteins. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 RPM for 20 minutes at 40 C. The supernatant was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth to remove lipids from the supernatant. The total volume was noted and three 0. Ml aliquots (crude extract) were stored at -200 C. Ammonium sulfate precipitation: 60% ammonium sulfate concentration was used to precipitate proteins. 0. 39 g of ammonium sulfate per ml of the supernatant was added gradually to the supernatant for 15-20 min with continuous gentle stirring at 40 C. The mixture was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 1 5,000 RPM at 40 C. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was stored at -200 c. Dialysis: Ammonium precipitation leads to high concentration of salts in protein mixture that can interfere with further purification steps. In order to remove excess salts, dialysis was performed. The pellet was suspended in Tries-AMPS buffer (10 rim Tries-HCI, pH 8. 6, 0. 5 mm 2-Merchantable, and mm ratio of EDIT) and mixed very gently until it dissolved at 40 C. Volume of ml protein mixture was added in the dialysis tubing and incubated twice overnight with two IL buffer changes (Same buffer as extraction buffer that was used for cell lysine). After two incubation, protein mixture was responded gently and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 15,RPM at ICC. Pellet was discarded, total volume of supernatant was noted and three 0. 1 ml aliquots were collected. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column was used to separate OLD from the other proteins. Ml fractions were collected in thirteen test tubes. Column was first rinsed with Tries-AMPS buffer followed by addition of protein mixture. Then, ml AND Buffer (mm Tries-HCI pH-8. 6, 0. Mm 2-Merchantable, mm Lithium acetate and 1 mm AND+) was added followed by NADIA (mm Its- HCI PH 8. 6, mm NADIA and 0. Mm 2-Merchantable). Between each steps, column was washed with ml Tries-AMPS Buffer. Each fraction was subjected to absorbency reading of Mann. For absorbency above 1. NM, 1:10 dilutions were carried out. Activity Assay: We used OLD Enzyme assay to measure the amount of OLD activity in our protein mixture. OLD catalysts the conversion of lactate to private and AND+ to NADIA. The NADI A can be determined spectrophotometers at 340 NM. The OLD assay was performed in the crude homogenate, desalted fraction and six peak fractions from the Isobaric blue column. A cocktail solution was prepared by mixing lactate stock solution (120 rim lithium lactate, 10 mm Tries-HCI; pH 8. 6), AND+ stock solution (12 mm AND+, 10 mm Tries HCI; pH 8. 6) and bicarbonate stock solution (18 mm Enhance, 0. 5 M Nasal) in the ratio of in cavetti. 0 micrometers of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at Mann. If absorbency was above 1. 5, samples were diluted. Protein Assay: The Pierce BCC Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent- compatible formulation based on bioscience acid (BCC) for the colorimetric detection and quantization of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BAS) ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 MGM/ml BAS. Lull of diluted crude (1:500, 1 :250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions from isobaric blue column (1:10, 1:5) ere loaded in microscope along with lull of BCC working reagent. Microscope was incubated for mini at ICC and then the absorbency was measured at Mann. Results/Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify OLD enzyme from chicken muscle tissue using a variety of techniques including homogeneities, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and affinity chromatography. Activity and Protein assay were used to track the overall amount of OLD present in the samples. Crude Extraction: Chicken muscle tissue was homogeneity in a blender with cold extraction buffer in order to else cells, releasing OLD into slurry of tissue monuments. Centrifugation separated membranes, nuclei, and other large cellular components to a pellet leaving a supernatant of crude product. Controlling temperature was a major consideration after homogeneities since not only did this step releases proteins like OLD from the cell, but it also releases proteases that can now interact to degrade the OLD. Keeping samples on ice, pre-cooling the buffer, and avoiding excess kinetic energy through conservative blending were methods used to minimize activity of these proteases. After filtration through cheesecloth, our final volume of crude homogenate sample ml, much more volume than expected. Addition of more than ml of buffer volume could have increased the volume. Other possible explanation is that more solid components such as fats were present in the sample and hence, more than 20 minutes of centrifugation was required. Desalted Sample: 60% ammonium sulfate is added to the crude extract that precipitates OLD proteins. The resulting 40% pellet theoretically contains most of the original OLD, which is re-suspended in very less volume (ml) to create a more concentrated sample. This process leads to high concentration of salts in rotten mixture that can interfere with subsequent purification steps. Ml protein mixture underwent dialysis procedure that removes excess salts and our final volume after dialysis was ml. One possible explanation for increase in our volume could be that extraction buffer got mixed with protein mixture either due to tubing leaking or tubing clips not being properly tightened. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column is an affinity column, which is specific to dehydrogenate type proteins, due to a compound structurally similar to NADIA being attached covalently attached to the column. 13 fractions were elected and absorbency was measured at Mann to check presence of OLD protein in the fractions. 1:10 dilution was performed if absorbency reading was above 1. NM since it spectrographically indicates saturation and less than 1% light reaching the detector. During the addition of protein mixture (fraction# 4), high absorbency reading of NM was obtained (Fig. 1). This could be due to lot of non-dehydrogenate-type proteins present in our sample that got eluted first during affinity chromatography. Second peak was seen after AND+ was added since AND solution results in the removal of the loosely bound protein. Third peak was seen after NADIA was added since NADIA solution results in release of maximum OLD proteins (Fig l) Enzyme Activity Assay: The OLD activity was measured spectrophotometers by measuring the absorbency of NADIA at 340 NM. Three peak fractions were selected for this assay based on their absorbency values obtained after adding AND+ (fraction# 6, 7, 8) and other three after adding NADIA in the affinity chromatography step (fraction# 10, 1 1 , 12). A huge activity of 141 mol/min/ml was seen at fraction# 7(PUFF ) which indicated that we had lot of proteins present in our sample. Second peak activity was seen t fraction indicating that more OLD proteins is present in this fraction than in fraction# 11 (PUFF) (fig. 1). Based on this information, we selected fraction #10 as for our protein assay. Desalted showed highest activity among all the samples (Tablet ) possible due to errors occurring during dialysis explained previously. Figure 1. Absorbency readings of eluted obtained from affinity chromatography with OLD activity for 6 peak fractions. The desalted fraction was loaded to the Isobaric blue column and proteins were eluted with Tries-AMPS, AND+ and NADIA wash subsequently. The absorbency at 280 NM of eluted were measured after ACH collected fractions. The OLD activity was calculated from the absorbency values obtained at Mann. Protein Assay: We used BCC Pierce Assay to determine protein concentrations in our protein mixture. BAS standard curve was created for series of dilutions ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml and linear graph equation was used to calculate protein concentrations for the samples (Table 1). Based on Table 1, with each subsequent purification step, protein concentration decreases as sample become more concentrated with only OLD protein. Specific activity should increase and total activity should decrease with very purification step as samples get less and less diluted.

Essay Sample on Educational Administration The Rationale of the Study

Essay Sample on Educational Administration The Rationale of the Study Most educators, parents and community members want their schools to be good ones, so school improvement is a major function of educational administration. It is necessarily an ongoing activity because past successes are no guarantee of future ones. School administrators typically care about students and want to help them. But caring, although important and desirable, is by itself not enough. The basic problem is how to keep a school moving in direction that will actually benefit the students. Improvement has desired two main elements: the choice of desired directions and aims, and strategies for attaining them. The selection of directions can be made in a number of ways, including and considering photo philosophical values, exploring educational goals and objectives. The direction finally chosen will depend on its relevance in terms of desired ends. Furthermore, it should also be based on its feasibility as determined by the examination and analysis of the implemented strategies. Today, education administrators find themselves leading organizations and groups across a rapidly shifting landscape toward new destinations. These professionals are increasingly more diverse and challenged to deal with undefined problems, grapple with theoretical and emotional issues, and make decisions so new that the organizational consequences are unknown. Furthermore, educational administrators must help individuals and groups make sense and increased meaning in often fragmented, overwhelming, and fast moving situations characteristic of the new era. In the face of these demands, tertiary academic administrators of Immaculate Conception College – La Salle do realize that they can no longer rely on traditional management techniques to satisfy the requirements of their roles – they must draw on a deeper source of guidance, strength and influence. This can be attained by revisiting their roles and reinventing their communication patterns and decision making capabilities to enable them to create suitable structures that adapt to the changing landscape of the academe. This research examines Immaculate Conception College – La Salle’s administrators’ roles, their communication patterns and decision making capabilities to be able to cope with the new trends of the future. Hence, this study was conducted. This is a sample Education essay written by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis/dissertation or other written assignment contact our company to get professional academic writing help.

How to Become an Instructional Designer

How to Become an Instructional Designer Instructional design is a relatively new industry, employing people in organizations, schools, and for-profit companies. Read on to find out what instructional design is, what kind of background designers need, and how to get a job designing educational experiences. What Is an Instructional Designer? In a nutshell, instructional designers create educational programs for schools and companies. Many organizations have found that the internet provides a huge opportunity for providing virtual instruction, but that designing effective online educational programs isnt easy. A subject matter expert, like a history teacher, may be excellent at leading a class in-person. But, he may not have the technical know-how or an understanding of how to present information in a way that would make an effective online course. Thats where instructional designers come in. What Does an Instructional Designer Do? Theres a lot of variety in the day-to-day work of an instructional designer. They regularly meet with clients or subject matter experts to determine how to best present information to students. They may also edit content for clarity, write instructions for assignments, and design or create learning interactives. Additionally, they may be involved (or even run) the creative side of the equation, producing videos, making podcasts, and working with photography. Designers can expect to spend their days creating storyboards, reviewing content, and asking a lot of questions. What Education Training Does an Instructional Designer Need? There is no standard requirement for instructional designers, and many companies and schools hire designers with extremely different backgrounds. Generally, organizations are looking for employees with at least a bachelors degree (often a masters degree), strong editing skills, and the ability to work well with people. Project management experience is also highly desirable. In recent years, Instructional Design masters degrees have become increasingly popular as are certificate programs for those that already hold a masters degree in a different subject. Instructional Design Ph.D. programs are also available. However, the general consensus is that a Ph.D. generally makes candidates over-qualified for most instructional design jobs and is more suitable for those that would like to be an administrator or director of an instructional design team. Many employers are more concerned with a candidates technical abilities. A resume that lists competency in programs like Adobe Flash, Captivate, Storyline, Dreamweaver, Camtasia, and similar programs is highly desirable. Designers should also have the ability to put themselves into someone elses shoes. Someone that can suspend their own understanding and imagine encountering information for the first time will often make a good designer. What Kind of Experience Does an Instructional Designer Need? There is no standard experience that employers are looking for. However, they do prefer that designers have worked to create educational programs before. A track record of previous design experience is highly desirable. Many instructional design schools require students to complete capstone projects that will be used instructionally and can also be included on the graduates resume. New designers may seek out interns with colleges or organizations to build their resumes. Where Can Instructional Designers Find Jobs? While there are more instructional design jobs every year, finding them isnt always easy. One of the first places to look is on university job postings. Many schools post opportunities on their own websites and fail to publicize them more openly. HigherEd Jobs has one of the more comprehensive lists of jobs available at universities. Employers tend to post openings on virtual job boards like Monster, Indeed, or Yahoo Careers. Attending instructional design or e-learning conferences is a good place to network and seek out potential job leads. Additionally, many areas have local networks of instructional design professionals that meet regularly and communicate via social networking. Having a friend in the industry is a smart way to get connected.

Development of automobile industry in the united states Research Paper

Development of automobile industry in the united states - Research Paper Example May 2011 brought Volkswagen’s manufacturing plant to America. In addition to manufacturing plants, several manufacturers have opened transmission and engine plants that are working in research and development, design, and testing in the United States. The whole automotive industry and dealership amounts to nearly 3.5 percent Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of the United States. By the end of 2012, auto manufacturers and related industries directly employed 786,000 people (SelectUSA). In addition to manufacturers, there is an extensive network of auto parts suppliers who produced $225.2 billion (4 percent of U.S. manufacturing) in shipments during 2012. According to the study conducted by Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association and Information Handling Services, overall automobile industry’s direct employment generation was 3.62 million while indirect influence was the creation of jobs and economic wellbeing in comparison to any other sector (SelectUSA). This research paper examines U.S. automobile industry, its history and development, and finds that it the backbone of manufacturing industry, therefore, plays a vital role in strengthening American economy. During 1900 and 1930, Detroit experienced record growth in comparison to any other city in the United States. The reason behind this unparalleled growth was concentration of auto industry around Detroit, which became the largest industry in the U.S. by 1929(Davis ix). The number of auto firms grew in a gradual manner from 1895 to 1907, reaching at its peak at 82 in 1907. For the next three years, the number of entrants remained high, but after that it dropped sharply. With an average number of 15 firms every year from 1911 to 1922, it fell to only 15 firms from 1923 to 1966. After a few early years, the auto industry’s exit rate was more than 10 percent; moreover, by the year 1910, the number of exit was more than the number of entries. Excluding the two year period from

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cold War - Essay Example Moreover, the Soviet Union was very fearful of the American acquisition of atomic weapons, this led to its rush of building up its own arsenal, causing a nuclear arms race between these two states. In addition, these two states feared an attack from the other, which would lead to a mutual mass destruction due to their possession of nuclear weapons. The United States became very suspicious of the Soviet Union and its intentions when this state took over most of Eastern Europe leading to a rise of the tensions between them (McConnell 54). One of the factors, which determined the future relationship of these two states and the eventual policies towards one another, was the personal dislike, which the American president, Harry Truman had for the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin. There was also the constant fear by the Soviets that the United States would use Western Europe as a base for an attack against it, hence, the creation of the Iron Wall to separate completely the west of Europe from the Soviet occupied east. The Cold Car had some major effects on the United States and this was on the economic and political scene. The capitalist system, which was greatly depended upon by the United States, came to be greatly strengthened because it was used as a tool by the government as a counter to the Soviet ideal of communism. Furthermore, on the political scene, the United States invested heavily in the support of allied regimes all over the world and in some cases intervened militarily. While its involvement in Korea was largely considered a success, its military intervention in Vietnam was a disaster because thousands of American soldiers were killed in this war and America was forced to withdraw from Vietnam without achieving any of the goals it had set out to achieve. However, not all turned out badly for the United States because it managed, along with its allies, to form a defense pact (NATO) which came to ensure

Linear Programming . Optimal Output and Calculation of Shadow Prices Essay

Linear Programming . Optimal Output and Calculation of Shadow Prices Using Graphical Approach Manually - Essay Example manage its operations well. Brass Ltd. manufactures two types of products – Masso and Russo which incur machining and assembly costs in their production. There are constraints on the availability of machining and assembly hours which are 700 hours and 1000 hours respectively. The capacity is fixed and the cost on the same is incurred irrespective of the usage. The maximum allowed production of each product type is 400 units. The selling price and costs incurred for the two products are available. The time spent on each machine for each product is also available. The company needs to know the optimal production of each product type to maximize profit. It also needs to gauge the impact of increasing production marginally on the profitability. There are certain inherent assumptions involved while formulating the above Linear Programming Model. The first assumption is that the constraints and the objective function can be represented through linear equations. In other words, the constraints on machining hours, assembly hours and the maximum production are directly proportional to both the number of Masso and the number of Russo. The second assumption is that the production of Masso is independent of the production of Russo and hence the impact of their production on the constraints as well as the objective function is perfectly additive. The third assumption is that the immediate objective of the firm is to recover the variable costs on the manufacturing of the two products and therefore fixed costs of machining and assembly are not considered for model formulation. Ideally, these fixed costs are distributed over the number of products manufactured. For obtaining a solution to the above model, the 6 inequalities shown above are plotted on a graph as shown in Figure 4.1 (www.maths.unp.ac.za). The two constraints regarding machining and assembly hours are plotted as straight lines. The two constraints on the

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children Essay

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children - Essay Example It is an idea of creating a clinic, which will give the needed services to the children who are economically challenged families. For this clinic to be successful and efficient, some employees must be involved. They must be qualified to be dedicated to their work. They must be equipped to develop a health center with services that focus on the prevention of some diseases (Dunlop, 1995). Two doctors must be hired, and four nurses who will help to provide the necessary services. The support staffs hired should be from the local for the benefit of the community. Equipment is the most essential, therefore, spending a lot to purchase and maintain will enable the doctors and nurses perform their work effectively. The staff should be there to give the needed support to the doctors and nurses (Dunlop, 1995). The clinic will handle approximately 150 children in a day. The possible challenges might be the shortage of employees and equipment to be used. Lack of support from the government to the clinic will be a challenge too. Children who may not get the required service may get a referral to other hospitals. Those who cannot afford the stated cost may acquire medical cover early enough for future

Fountain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fountain - Essay Example Additionally, the essay examines Marcel Duchamps fountain and Bruce Naumens fountain.† Finally, the essay meditates on the notion ‘aesthetic’. Art in the 19th century was greatly influenced by the surrounding cultural climate. While early in the century neo-classicism and romanticism were the dominant styles, but the 1860s realism had become the most prominent mode of artistic expression (Adams, p. 521). Realism attempted to capture the environment in its most realistic state. Realism defined art as working to capture reality in as accurate a way as possible. In this way artists implemented all the techniques at their disposal, including perspective and careful observation of the surrounding environment, to create works of art that directly reflected the world. Among the prominent realist painters include Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. Corot’s works included in-depth portraits, such as ‘Woman with a Pearl’ (Adams, p. 525). Rather than using artistic flourishes, these works explored themes of everyday existence. The 19th century realist movement was not merely restricted to painting, but would also expand into literature (Adams, p. 520). The realist movement can perhaps be regarded as the end of pre-modern art. After the realist movement modernism emerged and redefined the definition of art. Rather than viewing art as an expression of observable reality, modernism styles increasingly viewed the goal of art as capturing the changing nature of human perception. This is a significant development in art as it marked a willingness to break from traditional reflection of the world to a more experimental emphasis. Impressionism is perhaps the first modernist style. While today impressionism appears a highly traditional style, during the late 19th century it was regarded as avant-garde. Undoubtedly the artist that most prominent exemplified the

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children Essay

The Effects of the Great Depression on Children - Essay Example It is an idea of creating a clinic, which will give the needed services to the children who are economically challenged families. For this clinic to be successful and efficient, some employees must be involved. They must be qualified to be dedicated to their work. They must be equipped to develop a health center with services that focus on the prevention of some diseases (Dunlop, 1995). Two doctors must be hired, and four nurses who will help to provide the necessary services. The support staffs hired should be from the local for the benefit of the community. Equipment is the most essential, therefore, spending a lot to purchase and maintain will enable the doctors and nurses perform their work effectively. The staff should be there to give the needed support to the doctors and nurses (Dunlop, 1995). The clinic will handle approximately 150 children in a day. The possible challenges might be the shortage of employees and equipment to be used. Lack of support from the government to the clinic will be a challenge too. Children who may not get the required service may get a referral to other hospitals. Those who cannot afford the stated cost may acquire medical cover early enough for future

Reflections on World's Leadership Research Paper - 1

Reflections on World's Leadership - Research Paper Example Leadership is influential when a good leader is in control, but does not have any effect if a bad leader is in control showing the big difference in leadership and success of organizations, businesses and countries. Leadership has to be the most influential process ever. However, the influence can be ensured by good leaders who have respect, intelligence, inspiration, vision, good listeners and above all have integrity and high self esteem and confidence. There are some bad leaders throughout the world who do not have any of these characteristics. They mostly gain their influence by instilling fear as they do not respect other people. They may be successful but along the way they fail. Leadership, which is very influential, can only be done to perfection by leaders who possess the characteristics Contrary to what some may think, leaders are not born but they are made. They develop all these characteristics as they grow to be leaders. In some cases, there are people who are thought to be leaders and they are in fact given the mandate to rule people. Such leaders do not possess such characteristics and if they do, they only posses a few. This does not make them complete leaders and they are likely to be unable to influence the people in their society or jurisdictions positively. In fact, most people do not like to be associated with such leaders. There are some known leaders who are not really leaders in the world today and have always been there in the past. They are known as bad leaders to most. The above characteristics distinguish the good leaders of the bad leaders. Good leaders: President Barrack Obama Good leaders are known to inspire many people in their respective countries and other countries. They have achieved a lot and became role models to many people across the world. There are many people who can be termed as good leaders. One example of such a leader is the current president of the United States, Barrack Obama considered as a good leader for the following reasons. Integrity Integrity is the state of being whole and having strong moral principles. Barrack Obama has been known to have strong moral principles. The President for example stated that he wanted to decrease the number of abortions across the United States. Though He has not gone to the point of stating that it should be completely banned, President Barrack Obama would like to see abortion cases decreased. According to the Obamacare, the president proposed that no abortions would be allowed after twenty weeks of pregnancy. Though there are many abortions that are done before twenty weeks, this would reduce the number of abortions (Andrews, 2012). The President had appointed a committee that was to find out the best time to abort. The committee was composed of many people including scientists, politicians and other experts. One of the scientists who proposed that the abortion be only allowed for pregnancies before eight weeks stated that unborn children can respond t o pain when they are eight to ten weeks old after conception. This was shocking to most people in the committee. The chairman was astonished and stated that it was unfortunate America was faced with controversy regarding abortion. He wondered that they are unable to provide protection for the unborn children, yet it is possible to offer protection to some animals. Frank lamented that late abortions were like transferred infanticide to Human beings and was very worrisome. He was hopeful that the American Judiciary as well as

Prejudice In Organizations Essay Example for Free

Prejudice In Organizations Essay ?Question 2: Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive discuss how you can personally reduce prejudice in your workplace please provide an example. Prejudice can be described as a word which is derived from the Latin word Prae Judicium meaning ‘to try in advance’ (Clawson et al: 1990). Prejudice happens when we pre-judge individuals on first encounter about their character or appeal. Most individuals who are prejudiced are usually rigid in their prejudices and their beliefs are unsubstantiated. Prejudice can create serious tension in an organization because it has the potential to strain interpersonal relationships in a workplace. People can practice prejudices in various forms. Some of the areas of potential prejudice could be gender, race, age, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity and physical disabilities. Prejudices can be systematically dealt with in the workplace. I work for one of the United Nations (UN) agencies. The UN has noted and is mindful of potential prejudices that can exist in the workplace, especially that the workplace is made up of employees from various countries, backgrounds, ethnic groupings, varying religious beliefs (including atheists), sexual orientation, races and as an organization, The organisation has a very diverse workforce. This diversity has not been ignored. The UN has taken deliberate steps to introduce workplace policies that encourage tolerance amongst employees and in turn, tolerance in the communities in which we serve. The policies are part of the orientation package for every new employee who joins the UN. There are Executive Directives (EXDs) that are issued and reviewed on an ongoing basis. In the current directive, disagreement between a staff member and supervisor is not considered as prejudice. The policies are clear on the definition of prejudices and also on the consequences of perpetuating the vice. If I were to be found in a work environment where prejudices are rife, I would first of all admit that prejudices are real and we all have some form of prejudices. The first step to deal with a problem is to admit that you have one. You can only begin to work on one’s prejudices once they realize they have them, and they can begin to work more carefully with the prejudices of others without anger and force (Clawson et al: 1990). It’s a realization that we all have them that helps us to deal with them. Members of staff in an organization, must be allowed to deal with perceived prejudices. It is not advisable to pretend that the problem does not exist as it becomes difficult to deal with a hidden or unperceived problem. Once the problem has been identified, then comes the process of working on your own as well as the prejudices of others in the organisation. This can be achieved through redirecting prejudiced statements by colleagues towards functional discrimination e. g. instead of lamenting how a workmate or subordinate is not achieving her objectives because she is a woman, this can be countered by a statement that shows how previously, a male colleague had also failed in a similar position to show that, gender has nothing to do with functioning in a position. For prejudices which are merely based on ignorance like â€Å"all Muslims are terrorists†, it would be helpful to team up Muslim staff members and some of the staff members who are holding on to this kind of prejudice. That way, it allows them to interact at a personal level and get the truth about Islam. If this doesn’t work, then interactions between such colleagues should either be kept to the minimum or topics of discussion should stir away from sensitive issues. I would also learn to listen to others with an open mind, not listening with an intention to respond as this is likely to attract judgmental behaviour. In a multi ethnic organisation, learning about the cultures of other countries helps us be more tolerant. People are more likely to react in a certain way because of the environments they have been brought up in. Prejudices will always exist in organisations, it would therefore helpful to encourage tolerance among employees, this can be achieved through deliberate company policy, sensitisation and clear consequences for behaviour promotes prejudice.

Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay

Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay Athletes normally use drugs while training and during an event to give themselves an unfair advantage over the other competitors. Drugs can be used during training to allow the person to train for longer, build muscle faster and to quicken the recovery after training, to allow them to train sooner than from the time taken to recover naturally. The world anti-doping agency (WADA) is the head of controlling the use of drugs within major sports, the Olympics, NBA etc.i WADA have banned many substances from use within sports for several reasons, the main reason to protect the athlete and their health as not everyone who takes then performance enhancers does it of their own free will. Other reasons include the prevention of aggressive behavior because some steroids can promote aggression and in a contact sport this could lead to fatal injuries to the opponent. Also the effect performance enhancers has on fair play, taking a substance that gives you an unfair advantage is pure and simple cheating. The use of drugs as an aid in sports dates back to ancient times, where mushrooms and herbs were used by the Greeks and Romans to enhance performance. In the 19th century these mushrooms and herbs were substituted for alcohol, opium and caffeine. In the present day there is a much larger cocktail of drugs used including; anabolic agents, ?2-agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics and beta blockers to mention a few. The aim of this dissertation is to look into the classes of drugs used in the sporting world, how they affect the body, how they work in the body on a cellular level, how athletes are tested for drugs and the side effects of short and long term use. Examples of drugs used Androgenic anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of the male hormone Testosterone, in sports the more common steroids are Stanozolol (aka Stromba) and Nandrolone (aka Deca-Durabolin). WADA (world anti-doping agency) holds a list of all banned steroids from the major sporting organizations some of the oral administered steroids that are banned include Anadrol (oxymetholone), Oxandrin (oxandrolone) and Dianabol (methandrostenolone). Banned injectable steroids include Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate), Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate), Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate). Stromba can come in the form of a 50mg/ml injection or a 5mg tablet where Nandrolone comes in a 2ml vial with a dosage of 100mg/ml, the effective dose is 250 1500 mg per week. These drugs when taken increase protein synthesis and enhance muscle development, when used in the medical world these drugs can decrease the itching of chronic biliary obstruction and they are used in the therapy of some aplastic anaemias. Steroids can also be used to compensate for people who can produce testosterone or can produce enough of it for their body to function normally, this is a symptom of 47, XXY males (Klinefelters syndrome).ii In sports the enhanced muscle development side of steroids is more important. It is more likely to observe this type of drug use in athletes who will be required to use a lot of strength, ie weight lifters, shot putters, discus throwers etc in the Olympics. The use of these drugs may also be observed in sports such as rugby and baseball. Normally ?2-agonists are used in the treatment of asthma by acting as a bronchodilator, which requires stimulation of ?2 adrenoceptors. Athletes exploit the ability of these drugs to dilate the airways and use ?2-agonists in order to gain advantage over the competition by being able to take deeper breaths than normal. This was mostly seen in swimming events where the athlete could stay under water longer and reduce resistance while swimming. Some ?2-agonists are still permitted for use by the International Olympic Charter (IOC)iii, the permited drugs are salbutamol, terbutaline, formoterol and salmeterol. However if an athlete is to take one of these drugs they must wait until the initial effects of the drug have passed before competing. This drug is normally taken orally through use of an inhaler. Narcotics are one of the earliest drugs used in medicine for pain relief; they work by acting on the brain to reduce the amount of pain felt. This is useful to athletes who maybe injured to allow themselves to force their bodies back into training. This is very risky, as forcing training upon an injured body can lead to further injury.iv Narcotics can be administered through many different methods, depending on what drug it is. Cocaine is normally inhaled through the nose, heroin is normally injected into a vein and morphine can be administered through IV drip or taken in the form of a tablet. The benefit of this class of drug is it allows the athlete to push themselves further, through what is known as the pain threshold. The pain threshold is like a wall that athletes will hit while training vigorously for extended periods of time, this wall is often difficult to overcome and the use of narcotics aids in this battle. This class of drug doesnt just include illegal drugs such as hero in or cocaine but also includes morphine, and although mild, codeine. Diuretics which include Frusimide, chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide come in a tablet form and can prevent the reabsorption of water from the kidneys, this is used in the medical world as treatment for heart failure and hypertension, and it can also be used in lower concentrations to reduce blood pressure. Diuretics are controlled in sports due to their ability to remove water from the body; this type of drug is mostly beneficial to athletes who are trying to make a weight class, ie boxing. If an athlete is meant to be in a middle class weight group and looses water to put him in a light weight class it gives him an unfair advantage over who he may be fighting. Diuretics can also be used to mask the effect anabolic steroids have on the body, as these steroids can cause the body to retain water. Diuretics have also been taken to try and cover drug usage when tests are carried out, as diuretics can control the excretion of water from the body they have been taken to try and dilute the concentration of other drugs in urine.v Beta-blockers are a primary therapeutic use in the fight against cardiovascular disease, but it was also found during treatment that these medicines stopped muscle tremors.vi This is of benefit to the sports of professional archery or shooting in the pentathlon and can also be used in snooker. The down side to this is the disadvantage it holds in activates that exert the body like long distance running, so to combat the use of beta-blocker so the officials of the pentathlon held the long distance running and shooting on the same day. However the athletes then started using beta-blockers with a shorter half life. Discussion The drugs used in sport all work to the same purpose which is to enhance ones performance in a specific event through non-natural means. Although all the drugs described work towards the same goal, they each work differently in the body on a cellular receptor level. In this section I will describe and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these drugs. I will also look at the desired effects on the body and the unwanted effects as well as metabolism of drugs. Pharmacokinetics deals with the half life of drugs in the body, the metabolism and excretion of drugs from the body. Pharmacodynamics is how the drug produces its response, the receptors involved and where they may be located in the cell and what organs are affected by the drug in question. Pharmacokinetics The body is a very effective tool when it comes to transforming active chemicals into inactive ones. This process is done through the use of enzymes normally produced by the cells of the liver, but some other cells throughout the body are also used for metabolism. In relation to this topic metabolism is simple changes to an active chemical or drug into a safe metabolite which can then be excreted from the body.vii However metabolism does not always work this way, sometimes an active compound can be metabolized into another active compound which the same pharmacological effect with higher or lower potency or a completely different pharmacological effect. An active compound may also be changed into a toxic metabolite or an inactive drug can be activated. Drugs can be eliminated from the body through many means. The compounds can be passes through urine from the kidneys or in faeces from the rectum. They can also be passed from the bodys salivary glands as saliva, from the sweat glands, the pulmonary epithelium as exhaled gasses and from mammary glands in the form of mammary milk. The half life of a drug is the time taken for the concentration of a drug in your system to half; the half life varies from drug to drug. Normally a drug is taken at regular intervals to keep its concentration in the therapeutic level. Athletes however may only take one dose of the drug for their upcoming event. Pharmacodynamics Anabolic steroids bind to androgen receptors found in the prostate, skeletal muscle, the liver and the CNS. The highest expression level was observed in the prostate, adrenal gland and epididermis which were determined by real-time PCR reactions.viii The androgen receptors are located in the cytoplasm of a cell, which is why steroids have to be soluble compounds. Once testosterone or DHT binds to a receptor it is translocated to the nucleus. Androgen receptors are directly linked to the regulation of gene transcription, when a receptor is stimulated by testosterone it produces primary male characteristics by activating hormones in the wolffian duct. Wolffian ducts are embryonic structures which form the male internal genitalia.ix The secondary male characteristics such as hair follicles are a response to DHT binding to the androgen receptor; DHT is produced when 5-alpha-reductase acts on testosterone. One of the more common side effects of this drug is the inhibition of your own hormones. If more of a hormone is introduced into your body it will cause your body to react and produce less of the hormone. Other side effects include not being able to perform sexually, steroids can lead to an increase in LDLs (bad cholesterol), an increase in estrogen has also been observed which can lead to the development of breast tissue in men and steroids can also have a damaging effect on the liver. ?2-agonists as the name suggest work on ?2 adrenoceptors which are located on the cell membrane. When a ?2-agonist binds to a ?2 adrenoceptor it causes smooth muscle relaxation which in asthma sufferers dilates the airways and helps them to breathe normally, in athletes this allows them to take deeper breaths and inhale more oxygen which increases stamina and reduces fatigue. The major side effect from ?2-agonists is cardiac arrhythmia, this is due to an increased myocardial oxygen demand, ?2-agonists can also lead to angina in patients with coronary artery disease and tremors have also been observed. Narcotics are classed as opioids, which are any drug that produces morphine-like-effects, and bind to opioid receptors. Opioid recrptors are linked through G-proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and facilitate the opening of Potassium channels which causes hyperpolarisation. This binding also inhibits the opening of calcium channels which inhibits transmitter release. The side effects of these drugs include respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation and dependence. There are three subcategories of opioid receptors, , ? and ? receptors. Pure opioid drugs have more of an affinity for receptors; this binding is what produces the euphoric effect of opioid drugs.xThe opioid receptors can be found both presynaptically and postsynaptically depending on the cell type. Receptors are mostly presynaptic in the periaqueductal grey region of the brain. These receptors can also be found in layers of the cerebral cortex and the intestinal tract. Diuretics are divided into two categories; loop diuretics which are of the most powerful and distal tubule diuretics. Normally less than 1% of sodium that is taken into the body is excreted but the use of loop diuretics causes fifteen to twenty percent of filtered sodium to be excreted with copious amounts of urine. Loop diuretics work by inhibiting sodium, potassium and chloride co-transporters in the thick ascending loop and increase potassium and calcium loss.xi The unwanted effects of this include dehydration and hypokalaemia (defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/l). Beta-blockers attach to ? adrenoceptors on cells of the heart and produce no response in the cell. The body normally responds to stress by releasing lots of adrenaline which activates the bodies fight or flight response which is normally useful in the cases of being chased by a bear. Some athletes however have to keep their cool and take beta-blockers to stop this response from occurring.xii Athletes that require a steady hand for accurate aim in archery may be persuaded to take these. The undesired effects of this type of drug is it disallows your heart rate to increase, so if beta-blockers are taken before a race blood wont circulate oxygen around the body fast enough to maintain a fast pace. Conclusion From my research I can understand why some athletes may take performance enhancing drugs but I am not certain the short term gain outweighs the long term loss. Boxers who are a tiny bit heavy and have to go into a tougher weight class are understandably scared; they will be among the lightest in their class going up against bigger guys, where if they use diuretics and drop some water they become the bigger guys in a lower weight class. For some athletes they may be getting on in their career and want to end it with a win so they cheat in order to finish their career on a high. Athletes at the start of their career are out of their minds, to put it politely, to use these drugs because they have a whole career ahead of them to work on weakness in a natural way and better themselves each year until they achieve their victory. Is it not better to work hard at something and reap more self satisfaction knowing that you have trained hard and achieved your goal of your own doing without damaging your body, than to win a hollow victory through the use of drugs and then be disgraced when tests come back positive for drug use. All in all I think drugs should stay where they belong, in the hospitals where they are of most benefit to society. i World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) constitutive instrument of foundation, 1999, lausanne (www.wada-ama.org) ii Hormonal studies in klinefelters syndrome august 1974, C. Wang, H.W.G. Baker, D.M. DEKrester, B, Hudson iii International Olympic Charter against doping in sports, medical commission, IOC 1990 iv Drugs in sport fourth edition, 2005, David R. Mottram v The influence of diuretics on excretion and metabolism of doping agents, 1986, Delbeke FT, Debackere M vi Heart failure reviews, pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of beta-blockers in heart failure volume 9/issue 2 April 2004 , Springer Netherlands vii Drugs and the human body fifth edition 1996, Ken Liska viii The androgen receptor: a mediator of diverse response, 1996, Keller ET, Ershler WB, Chang C [pubmed] ix Regulation of wolffian duct development, 2007, Hannema SE, Hughes IA [pubmed] x A primer of drug action, A comprehensive guide to actions, uses and side effects of psychoactive drugs eleventh edition, 2007, Robert M. Julian, Clair D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty xi Rang and Dales pharmacology sixth edition, 2007, H.P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter xii Pharmacology fifth edition, 2003, H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore

Value of Teamwork Essay -- Service Teams

As with all of life, there are two basic approaches to business: First, one can decide to set out on his own to make his fortune and second one can develop and build a team to get the job done. There is a simple, yet powerful, acronym to help one remember the importance of teamwork; (TEAM) Together Everyone Achieves More. There are those who, in this age of bureaucracy and â€Å"red tape,† might feel as though being part of a group means giving up control of their projects – leaving them feeling a little like they would have been better off without team membership. Inevitably, however, one comes to the realization that he cannot survive alone as â€Å"no man is an island.† These individuals soon are left to consider that the concept of a team effort producing exponential results has led to farmers yoking together â€Å"teams† of oxen and horses, has led to ever increasing amounts of â€Å"horsepower† in mechanical engines, and so is nothing new. Wit h the idea of being able to take on otherwise insurmountable tasks, there is definitely something to be said about the pride of accomplishment that can only come through the efforts of teamwork. While the general concept of teams and teamwork remain unchanged, the purpose and makeup of teams has changed, rather than a group of employees in a room getting together the 21st century teams are becoming more frequently geographically dispersed teams (GDT) that are required to work from very diverse locations within the country and even around the globe (Sole & Edmondson, 2002). Of course, as with any team or organization intent on actually accomplishing anything there needs to be a map or direction, this is usually found in the Mission and Vision statements†¦ but then even if you are on the right track, the tr... ...y. When these values, norms and guidelines are followed, the team will become an efficient and successful one. The process may be slow in the beginning, but once the team understands and cooperates with each other, anything can be achieved. Every team member should become committed to the success of the team and not worry about individual pain or difficulties. If these norms and guidelines are put into practice, any amount of work becomes an easy task. â€Å"Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one be warm alone? And if one prevails against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken.† – Ecclesiastes 4: 9-12.

A Minority Document Charles Beard Essay

In The Constitution: A Minority Document Charles Beard argues that the Constitution was written by a group of people who had certain specific economic and political interests. Beard states that the Constitution didn’t reflect the interests of the general population. Beards mentions that the framers largest fear was the corruption of a democratic government. Those with out property were usually excluded from voting, and elections often occurred indirectly to limit the power of the uneducated public. The Constitution was intended to get rid of the character of evil. Beard also states that the Convention members knew from their personal economic affairs the precise results which the new government that they were setting up was designed to attain. It also ensures a division of society into different interests and party’s. Beard also writes that Madison makes the underlying political science of constitution in the tenth number. Here he lays down, in no uncertain language, the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic. The first objective of government is the protection of the diversity in the faculties of men from which the rights of property originate. The most common source of factions is the unequal distribution of property. An unequal distribution of property is inevitable, and from its contending factions will rise in the state. To secure the public good the contending classes cannot be eliminated and their interests are bound to be reflected in politics, the only way out lies in making it difficult for enough contending interests to fuse into a majority.

Religion & society Essay

Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, such as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of religion in society is that; â€Å"Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships. † They also believe religion maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst society’s population and this helps maintain the well-being of society. Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities; Religion also diverts people’s attention away from the real sources of oppression – the ruling class, creating a false class conscience. This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, they’re social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by â€Å"god† in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in today’s society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

Independent Behaviour

iINDEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR (12 MARK ESSAY) Some reasons people show signs of independent behaviour (i. e. do not conform or obey) is influence by many factors, Gender being one of them. Neto carried out the same study as Asch, but this time all the participants were female (as in Asch’s study they were all male). In Asch’s study he found that 37% of the participants conformed, whereas Neto found that 59% conformed. However Asch’s study was criticized for lacking ecological validity and Neto’s study is a replication of Asch.As the participants were not in a natural situation Linz and Semykina took data from a survey of over 2,600 Russian employees between 2000 and 2003. They found that men are more likely to have internal Locus of Control and a need for challenge and women more likely to exhibit external locus of control and need for affiliation (belonging to a group). High Internal females earned more than external women. The fact there is a large sample size of 2600 means the findings are reliable, good sample size.However it can be argued that there is a potential cultural bias as the data was only taken from Russian employees. When Asch debriefed his participants, he found a common factor of confidence in the people who hadn’t conformed if someone felt confident in their judgments; they were more able to resist group pressure. This idea is supported by Perin and Spencer’s study. They replicated Asch’s study with engineering students. Conformity levels were much lower. Perin and Spencer attributed this to the fact that engineers had confidence in their skills in making accurate observations.

Hospitality Practicum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hospitality Practicum - Essay Example Its promotional tenor focuses in its â€Å"perfect mix of coast and country† making it a premier choice for relaxation (â€Å"Sunshine Coast,† 2010). The Gold Coast, on the other hand is situated in south east Queensland. It is regarded as Queensland’s most popular tourist destination. It has been promoting to the world its â€Å"stunning beaches, sun-kissed locals, exciting theme parks, and sophisticated style† (Queensland Holidays, 2010). Furthermore, its sunny sub-tropical climate and tourist activities have been primary motivations for tourists to visit the city. Accommodations. Leisure-oriented travelers’ preference in accommodation always vary, thus both Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast consistently aimed for greater diversification. Images of various types of accommodation have been tailored to ‘pull’ recreational tourists into their respective places—improving and modernizing their amenities. There are 351 accommodation establishments in Gold Coast (see Table 1), comprising of 31 hotels, 61 motels, 109 serviced apartments, 150 holiday flats, units and houses; whereas, Sunshine Coast has a total of 288 accommodation establishments, consisting of 9 hotels, 46 motels, 127 serviced apartments, 106 holiday flats, units and holiday houses (Tourism Queensland, 2009b, p. 4). As of 2009, Gold Coast outperforms Sunshine Coast in terms of overall accommodation supply and demand, making it much ahead in revenue (See Table 1). However, it should be noted that occupancy levels substantially decreased in the year 2009 due primarily to the swine flu outbreak, economic recession, and the increase of visitors staying with friends and family (Tourism Queensland, 2009b, p. 4). Hence, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast both experienced a decline in accommodation demand and revenue. In Gold Coast, Australian travelers preferred self-contained accommodation during summer holidays, such as

Aesthetic Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aesthetic Perspectives - Essay Example It is an artwork using the media chalk, conte crayon and ink on paper, and is an example of a Realist painting (Horsley, 2003). In fact, Bravo was touted as the greatest Latin American realist (Horsley, 2003). The painting depicts a paper package of considerable size wound around by wire, seemingly in order to keep it secure and the contents of the package from being exposed. In terms of the FORMALIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory of aesthetic perspectives, the painting can be analyzed in the context of space, form, texture, color, and lines. The painting of the package occupies most of the space of the canvas, so that all the observer sees is a paper package wrapped in wire. The form of the painting is very true to life, and immaculately arranged. The corners are crumpled just a little to give the painting a feeling of realism. It is very easy to infer the texture of the package; it is made of paper. The colors of the paintings are bland, and very real; the package is pastely cr eam in color, with the wire silver. As far as the formalist perspective is concerned, the artist has succeeded to portray arrangement and realism in the painting. This leads us to the other perspective, that of IMITATIONIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory. As discussed earlier, this is a work on realism, a branch of Imitationism (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.). There is nothing more to the painting than a package wrapped in wire.... When an observer looks at the painting, he gets the feeling of enclosure and secrecy. Since the package occupies most of the space of the canvas, the observer cannot look at the surroundings of the package, and feels as if he is also wrapped around in it and closed tight. The wire around the package seems to protect the package from opening and the contents from being exposed. This gives a sense of secrecy to the painting. Nevertheless, the package is made of paper, and so it is fragile, and can tear open any time. This invokes a sense of suspense to the exposure of the hidden contents of the package, and the observer feels a thrill, as if by waiting and looking at the painting for a longer period of time, he might be able to break open the package and look inside. The real inspiration for the painting, as explained by the artist, was quite mundane: his sister arrived with some packages, and Bravo was fascinated by their form and texture (Horsley, 2003). His depiction of the painting , however, infuses more meaning to the package than just the artist’s fascination. The other artwork of the pair is â€Å"Rabbit† by Jeff Koons. Made in 1955, it is a sculpture crafted out of stainless steel (Holland, 2010). It is huge in size; to get an estimate, it comes to the waist of an average adult male, and since it is put up on a pedestal, it faces the observer with an eye contact (Holland, 2010). This artwork, too, can be studied in the three perspectives as discussed for the previous artwork. The discussion is as follows: In the perspective of the FORMALIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory of aesthetics, the first point to be noted is the medium of the sculpture, that is, stainless steel. It should be noted that it is very difficult to carve

Annual Reports with Calculations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annual Reports with Calculations - Assignment Example Various classes of financial ratios are analysed based on financial statements of the organisation provided in its annual reports of 2012 and 2013. These annual reports cover the financial performance of the organisation for 2011, 2012 and 2013. The classes of financial ratios analysed in this report include liquidity ratios, solvency ratios and profitability ratios. Liquidity ratios are used to measure the ability of the organisation to meet its short term debt obligations as they fall due. One of the liquidity ratios is the Quick ratio. This ratio measures the ability of the firm to pay its current assets using its more liquid current assets (Ryan, 2004). From the financial ratios calculate, the quick ratios of Woolworths Ltd were 0.29, 0.31 and 0.32 in 2013, 2012 and 2011 respectively. This means that Woolworths could pay for its current liabilities 0.29 times, 0.31 times and 0.32 times in 2013, 2012 and 2011 respectively before its more liquid assets are exhausted. Therefore, the company was able to meet its current short term liabilities using its more liquid assets in 2011 and 2012 more than 2013. The ability of the organisation to meet its short term debt obligations using more liquid assets reduced over the three years under analysis. The company needs to manage its more liquid assets more effectively to improve its liquidity so that it can meet its short term financial obligations as they fall due. The second type of liquidity ratio used in this analysis is the current ratio. This ratio measures the ability of the organisation to meet its short term financial obligations using current assets as they fall due. It indicates the number of times current liabilities can be paid using current assets before the current assets are exhausted (Gibson, 2012). In 2013, the current ratio of Woolworths was 0.91 while in 2012 and 2011 the ratio was 0.86 and

Iraq Power Company Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Iraq Power Company Business Plan - Assignment Example We will provide electricity to all the localities including industries, hospitals, parks, houses etc. Our distribution would be as follows Our mission is to provide customers highest quality electrical services; our focus is on personalized services by offering convenient and rapid services. We have strong vendor relationship with most service conscious vendors, capable of shipping major parts rapidly (overnight too) minimizing the system downtime for the premiere electric customers. Iraq is an oil producing country situated in the Middle East, with the population of 28,945,657 (July 2009.est).the population growth rate is 2.507%. Its economy is mainly dominated by the oil sector, which provides 90% of foreign exchange earnings. Total government revenues have benefited from high oil prices in recent years; however, revenues have declined significantly since the oil price drop in fall 2008. Iraq is making some progress in building the institutions needed to implement economic policy. In March 2009 Iraq concluded a Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) with the IMF that details economic reforms. Its GDP per capita is $4000. Its composition by sector is Nowadays the electric shortage in Iraq has become a problem and there are frequent blackouts. Due to the war there is much loss done and many of the power generation cables have been cut down posing a problem for the people. It needs new industries to be set up in various areas to solve the problem. At present electricity is provided only 8 hours a day at free of charge. The energy needs of Kurdish region have been ignored; it is working independently to electrical energy output through foreign assistance and private investment projects. The minister expects that by 2009 the region will produce enough energy to keep the lights on 24 hours a day. Vision Statement In 5 years it will become the major company generating electrical power to the country and establish its name in the whole of Middle East Mission Statement Earn people trust, be honest and lighten up Iraq. Engineering plan We will deal with generation, transmission and distribution of electric power as well as electrical devices connected to the system including generator, motors and transformers. Different forms of energies are converted to electrical energy. The transmission subsystem transmits the electricity to the load centers. The distribution subsystem continues to transmit the power

The impact of different regulation regimes on funds performance Essay

The impact of different regulation regimes on funds performance - Essay Example The fixed income securities have the ability to provide regular income, stability and liquidity to the investors and as a result the investors prefers in investing in this kinds of funds. With the advent of these funds investors are relying on its investment as risks are relatively reduced as they receive a fixed dividend after a specified period of time. There are numerous benefits for investing in fixed income securities, which attracts the investors to invest in it. The rules and regulations pertaining to the investments are stringent, which restricts groups of people in investing in these funds. For investing in few fixed income securities registration is required, which becomes a hindrance for common investors. However, the government of individual countries have reduced the compliance burden to a great extent. The retirement fund administrators have to obey the strict legislation the requirements related to the governance of the fund. A personal statement is provided in order g ive the view of the writer regarding the operation of fixed income securities. Fixed income securities are securities, which are defensive in nature and have the capability to provide capital stability, liquidity, income and diversification to the investors. It provides capital stability to growth-oriented asset classes, such as, property and equity. In spite of the advantages portrayed by the fund, it has limited use worldwide. As for example, the investors in Australia do not use this particular fund as fixed income investment, instead they employed other managed funds over the past 23 years. Within this time frame, a proportion of investor’s wealth is allocated to fixed income securities present in Australia. The investments in fixed income funds had, however, declined over the years. During this period of time, the investment made in equities had increased as it is made in cash. Hence, it can be portrayed that

Managing The Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Managing The Human Resources Essay INTRODUCTION: This assignment is based on a case study titled Hot Work at the Aluminium Smelter in Lynmouth, and it examines the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. The HR values that are being investigated are HRM or people management values, team effectiveness and the effect of motivation, communication and the culture in the organisation, and leadership qualities. The overall aim of this assignment is to provide appropriate business solutions that help in improving the effectiveness of the organisation, from the perspective of a HR consultant. HRM PEOPLE MANAGEMENT VALUES: Armstrong (2000) argues that personnel practioners are often confused when asked about the difference between HRM and personnel management. According to Storey (1995) HRM is said to be fundamentally unitarist. This makes the management at Lynmouth more HR than personnel, as although the unions membership levels were low and their influence was weak, they were recognised by management in respect of white-collar staff. Also teamworking was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade union, and they were asked to recommend the number of posts required for the new line that was to open in 2000. This shows that the management did consider the unions before reaching a decision. The climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful, indicating to a model of personnel management (Sisson 1994). In HRM, rules, procedures and contracts are an obstruction to effective performances and there is an emphasis on strategy and devolved responsibility to line management (Storey 1996). At Lynemouth, there were rules and guidelines set for the team leaders and employees worked according to shifts, and pay was not performance related. Read more:  Personnel vs Human Resources Although these values point towards personnel management (Sisson 1994), Lynemouth also inculcates HRM values. Despite each plant having specialist staff that kept the plant within its operating limits, team leaders worked as line managers (Storey 1996) and were responsible for the coordination and scheduling of work. Also there are few job categories and teamwork is preferred to division of labour (Storey 1995). There is a great deal of task flexibility (Sisson 1994) in the teams, and in 2000 they were given greater autonomy. Boxall Purcell (2003) states that HRM can be interpreted as having a soft developmental humanist approach or a hard situational contingent approach. The soft version emphasizes a people-centred approach to HRM, whereas the hard version emphasizes a resource-based approach (Thornhill Saunders 1998). Although the organisation appears to be soft with the implementation of teams, they can be viewed as being hard economically, as the organisation aims were resource focused, there appeared to be low trust between employees, and there was also functional flexibility within the teams (Kane et al. 1999). Responsibility for hiring new staff, and for assessing applications for internal transfers, were devolved to shop-floor workers, thus making them more flexible. A hard approach is often seen as an essential part of cost-minimization strategy (Kane et al. 1999), which appears to be the situation at Lynemouth. TEAM EFFECTIVENSS THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION: A team is a work group or a unit with a common purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks (Harris Harris 1996). Vyakarnam et al (1999) states that a number of studies have confirmed that successful ventures are often established by teams rather than a single person, and the core competence of a successful team is to build and manage relationships around a common vision. The management team at Lynemouth havent clearly described the team goals or each individuals specific task. It is essential that the first step in creating a team is to define the goal or goals that create the direction for the new group (Twomey Kleiner 1996; Arroba 1996). Harris Harris (1996) explain that teams are successful and effective when they overcome difficulties, achieved through interdependence. Teams also promote a sense of confidence and direction among the team members and helps becoming more flexible in nature (Arroba 1996). Among shop-floor workers at Lynemouth with regard to satisfaction and commitment, there was a greater sense of autonomy and participation. With regard to work organisation, there was an increase in multi-skilling, and there were clear examples of improved flexibility. For example, team members would work a crane as required, rather than waiting for a dedicated crane driver. The major difference between successful teamwork and unsuccessful teamwork is largely based upon team members sharing common goals and working together to achieve them (Tarricone Luca 2002). They also state that ineffective communication, lack of resources and lack of trust are the key attributes that hinder the effectiveness of a team. At Lynemouth, the workers were clear that the divide between manager and worker was as sharp as ever and that the enforcement of discipline was not part of the teams duties. There appeared to be low trust between them, and also communication with regard to specific tasks seems to be lacking. It is also advisable to establish a sense of urgency so that the teams dont get complacent (Twomey Kleiner 1996). Ritchie Martin (2001) states that money and tangible rewards, the physical conditions and the structure are the three key factors motivating people in a working environment. Although teamwork was favourable from a shop-floor point of view, middle managers and technical staff had reservations about teamwork, feeling undervalued and lacking determination. Macaulay Cook (2001) states that rewards and recognition processes help to focus attention on priorities, thus motivating individuals. Group leaders felt that the work they were being given was not sufficiently demanding, and technical staff felt that that their job territory was under threat. There seems to be a need for rules and guidelines in the work place, for direction and certainty (Ritchie Martin 2001). Thompson (2004) concludes that people could be motivated further and made more effective if they were given appropriate encouragement and attention. COMMUNICATION CULTURE: According to Connolly (1996) communication is a critical issue and everyone wants better communication within their team, between teams and across their organization. Employee communication should play a strategic role in an organization to work effectively (Barrett 2002). In the early 1990s there was a wide perception at Lynemouth that communication was poor, and the climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful. Barrett (2002) also emphasizes that without effective employee communication, change is impossible, and in 1997 with Lynemoths future in doubt, the management realized the importance of communication and set about to win employee consent by reforming the communication system. With regard to this, teamwork was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade unions, which encouraged further development in employee relations. However, with the success of teamwork, white-collar staff felt undervalued. Peng Litteljohn (2001) asserts that structural arrangements may facilitate communication on the one hand, and create barriers for communication on the other. Group leaders felt that their status and authority were being eroded, and technical staff felt that their job territory was under threat, and changes were made without consulting the people involved, and there was a feeling that the appraisal system was not adequate, as the management did not seem to listen. Connolly (1996) states that to enhance communication, both the employer and the employee should realize the importance of effective communication. The author concludes by saying that perhaps the most effective ways of improving communication are also the simplest taking the time to really notice the employees, listening to how they speak and more importantly to what they say. The management could create a system where employees are rewarded for their good work, as Storey (1995) states that the way in which employees are rewarded is central to the regulation of employment relationship. Handy (1986) states that every organization is different, and each organization has a different culture sets of values and norms and beliefs. In 1990, many workers had been with the plant since it opened, and labour turnover was low. Majority of the workers were male, with few women being employed in clerical posts. There is a close and sometimes unclear relationship between organisational culture and its climate (Wallace, J et al. 1999). Although the climate of employee relations could be characterised as suspicious and mistrustful at Lynemouth, work organisation was considered to be fairly conventional. Handy (1986) argues that if organizations are to survive and meaningful jobs are to be created for all those who want to work, then both organizations and individuals will have to change the way they perceive jobs and careers. He also states that fewer, better-motivated people could create much more added value than large groups of unthinking, demotivated individuals. Lynemouth, with the introduction of teamworking could be seen as incorporating these values. However, the management at Lynemouth should create meaningful jobs for all employees. The structure of Lynemouths employees could be characterized under senior managers, middle managers and workers. Handy (1986) argues that organizations are not owned by anyone, but are a community of people who could be called citizens of the community rather than employees. Ogbor (2001) asserts that organisational culture should discourage dysfunctional work behaviours, and commit members of the organization to do things for and with one another that are in the best interests of the organization. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES: The American general, Dwight Eisenhower, once said that the essence of leadership is to make people do what you want them to with as much will, determination and enthusiasm as if they had decided for themselves (Popper Zakkai 1994). Cacioppe (1997) suggests that recent reviews of the research and theories on leadership have consolidated the key areas of leadership into personality, transactional and transformational forms of leadership. He also states that honesty, inspiration, competent, fair-mindedness and supportiveness are the characteristics that people most admire in leaders, where as Tait (1996) suggests that vision, interpersonal skills, character and drive are the four attributes considered to be necessary personality traits for business leadership. Transactional leadership is based on the interplay between the leaders guidance or direction and socio-emotional support, and the readiness or developmental level that followers exhibit on a particular task, function, or objective (Avery and Ryan 2002). The third major approach is the Transformational leadership which communicates a vision that inspires and motivates people to achieve something extraordinary (Cacioppe 1997). Transactional leadership remains highly popular among practitioners and it could be applied at Lynemouth. It appeals to managers because of its intuitive simplicity, ease of use, and perceived relevance to managerial roles (Avery and Ryan 2002). In 2000, with the end of direct supervision, management appointed team leaders from existing team members, following a formal application procedure. Team leaders were made responsible for team briefing and the coordination and scheduling of work, and they did receive an additional weekly allowance of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100. The management at Lynemouth could also try to incorporate the transformational leadership values by providing every individual and team with a vision and also motivating them, thus improving leadership effectiveness at the team levels (Cacioppe 1996). Silverthorne (2000) believes that the readiness and willingness of subordinates to perform tasks are the important aspects that contribute to a leaders effectiveness. CONCLUSION: This assignment investigated the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. A few key points in improving the effectiveness of an organisation are effective teams, effective communication between the teams and good leadership skills. Lynemouth could improve the effectiveness of their organisation by motivating each individual, improving the communication between the employers and the management, and also by providing individual, team and organisational goals for the leaders to follow. REFERENCE: Armstrong, M 2000, The name has changed but has the game remained the same?, Journal of Employee Relations, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 576-593. Arroba, T 1996, Why are common objectives so uncommon in top management teams?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 17-21. Avery, G.C Ryan, J 2002, Applying situational leadership in Australia, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. 4, pp 242-262. Barrett, D.J 2002, Change communication: using strategic employee communication to facilitate major change, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp 219-234. Boxall, P Purcell, J 2003, Strategy and Human Resource Management, Palgrave, New York. Cacioppe, R 1997, Leadership moment by moment!, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 18, no. 7, pp 335-345. Connolly, C 1996, Communication: getting to the heart of the matter, Journal of Management Development Review, vol. 9, no. 7, pp 37-40. Handy, C.B 1976, Understanding Organisations, Penguin Group, London. Harris, P.R Harris, K.G 1996, Managing effectively through teams, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp 23-36. Kane, B et al. 1999, Barriers to effective HRM, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp 494-516. Macaulay, S Cook, S 2001, Rewarding Service Success, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp 4-8. Ogbor, J.O 2001, Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp 590-638. Peng, W Litteljohn, D 2001, Organisational communication and strategy implementation a primary inquiry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 13, no. 7, pp 360-363. Popper, M Zakkai, E 1994, Transactional, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership: Conditions Conducive to their Predominance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, pp 3-7. Silverthorne, C 2000, Situational leadership theory in Taiwan: a different culture perspective, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp 68-74. Sisson, K 1994, Personnel Management A comprehensive guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J 1995, Human Resource Management A critical text, Thomson, London. Storey, J 1995, Is HRM catching on?, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 16, no. 4, pp 3-10. Storey, J 1996, Blackwell cases in Human Resource and Change Management, Blackwell, Oxford. Tait, R 1996, The attributes of leadership, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol 17, no. 1, pp27-31. Tarricone, P Luca, J 2002, Employees, teamwork and social interdependence a formula for successful business?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 54-59. Thompson, J. L 2004, Innovation through people, Journal of Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 9, pp 1082-1094. Thornhill, A Saunders, M.N.K 1998, What if line managers dont realize theyre responsible for HR?, Personnel Review Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp 460-476. Twomey, K Kleiner, B.H 1996, Teamwork: The essence of the successful organisation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 6-8. Vyakarnam, S et al. 1999, Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams: the key to rapid growth business?, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp 153-165. Wallace, J 1999, The relationship between organisational culture, organisational climate and managerial values, International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 12, no. 7, pp 548-564.